______________ - (1635-1703) • English physician • Observed microscopic cavities in cork • First to use the word “cell” • Reminded him of the small rooms occupied by monks

______________ - (1632-1723) • Dutch microscopist • “animalcules”

______________ – (1838) • plants composed of cells

______________ – (1838) • animals composed of cells

______________ – (1858) • all cells come from pre-existing cells

1. All organisms made of _________

2. Cell is basic unit of _____ & _______

3. Cells come from _________ cells.

Cell Size – Most are ________

Small because need ________ surface area of plasma membrane (relative to ________) to allow nutrients/waste to enter/exit.

__________ area to ______________ ratio requires that cells be small.

Small cells have ___ surface area to volume ratio. Advantage for exchange of molecules

Large cells – ratio _______: Decreases efficiency of exchange of molecules in and out

Microscopy Today: 2 types of microscopes 1. ______________________________ ______________ passes through specimen ______________ through series of glass lenses Image formed on human ______________ Magnification up to ______________X Resolution of objects separated by _____________ (5000X better than human eye.)

______________________________ passes through specimen. Focused by set of ________________ lenses. Image formed on ____________________________. Magnification greater than ______________ microscope. Resolution separated by ______________.

2 types of Cells: 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________

____________________ nucleus Structurally larger Structurally more complex Found in _____ Domains 1. ____________________ 2. ____________________

____________________ a nucleus Structurally smaller Structurally simpler Found in ________ Domain 1. ____________________

One of the most ____________ and ____________ life forms on earth.

Found everywhere, i.e. ____________, ____________, ________ & ____________ other organisms

______________ cells on the planet

Can cause ________________

__________________ important – decomposers

Manipulated ________________________ - industrial chemicals, drug, human insulin.

Prokaryotic Structure – very ________________

3 basic shapes: 1. __________ (rigid) and ____________ (flexible)- spiral shaped 2. ________________ - spherical shaped 3. __________________ - rod shaped

________________________ consist of 3

1. __________________________ - phospholipid bilayer embedded & peripheral proteins regulate entrance & exit of molecules

2. __________________________ - peptidoglycan unique to bacteria maintain shape of cell

3. __________________________ - layer of polysaccharides on outside

Inside is __________________________:

__________________ - solution bounded by plasma membrane contains ________________, ____________ & ____________

__________________ - location of _______________ chromosome _______________ single DNA molecule

__________________ - protein synthesis _______________ than Eukaryotic ribosomes

__________________ (some) small, additional rings of _______________/______________ DNA used in labs to _______________/______________ DNA

__________________ (some) contain ________________ bacteria with these are called __________________________

__________________ - present in some; provide motility (movement) Rotates ______________ degrees Some ____________, others ______________ Located - ______________ (at end or random)

__________________ small; bristle-like fibers for ____________________

__________________ rigid hollow ______________ like structures Used to pass ____________ from one cell to another

Eukaryotic cells: Larger than prokaryotic cells Have a __________________________ - houses DNA

Specialized __________________________ - compartmentalized - perform specific __________________________ - isolate __________________________

__________________________ which - separates cell contents from environment - regulates passage of materials in and out - composed of phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

Origin of the Eukaryotic Cell - Fossil record suggest: 1st cells were __________________________

Invagination of plasma ______________ may have produced Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum & Golgi

Theory - Energy organelles (mitochondria & chloroplasts) were smaller prokaryotic cells - Engulfed by eukaryotic cell - Eukaryotic benefited - ability to utilize oxygen & synthesize organic food

Eukaryotic Cell is a system of __________________________ organelles that work together to __________________, __________________ and conduct life processes.

Specialized cells may have ____________ or ________________ copies of organelles.

Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell: • __________ in/on organelle membranes produce specific molecules

Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell: • They are transported around cell by ________________________

Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell: • Vesicles move using ____________________ network o Protein fibers are like railroad tracks

Structure of a Eukaryotic Cell: • Some cells have cell __________________________ o outside plasma membrane

________________________ = command center of the cell; usually near center; contains _____

________________ = semifluid matrix • Separates nucleus from cytoplasm • double layer membrane • Pores – permit exchange • Contains DNA & proteins • DNA in nondividing cells • Condenses to form chromosomes in cell division

________________________ = Composed of rRNA • Produces subunits of ribosomes

________________________ = site of Protein Synthesis • Composed of rRNA: Large subunit & Small subunit Made in nucleolus • Location Endoplasmic reticulum Free in cytoplasm – Singularity or groups (polyribosome) • Transcription & Translation Gene information copied into mRNA Ribosome receives mRNA Proteins synthesized Cytoplasmic ribosomes proteins stay in cytoplasm ER ribosomal proteins stay in ER

Series of membranes in the cell that ________________ the cell.

________________ and ________________ of molecules.

Restrict ________________ within cell.

Can interact because their membranes readily ________________ together.

Consists of:
- __________________________
- __________________________
- __________________________
- __________________________

Endoplasmic Reticulum – System of membrane ____________ and ________________

Continuous with membrane of the ________________

1. ____________________ has ribosomes; site of protein synthesis

2. ____________________ NO ribosomes; site of synthesis of lipids & other molecules

Golgi Apparatus - Flattened, curved Resemble a “Stack of pancakes” Side facing ER is “______________” or inner face

Side facing Plasma Membrane is “________________” – outer face

Vesicles – small, membrane covered sacs that ________________ substances

used to ____________________ molecules

__________________________ is a specialized vesicle.

__________________________ (not found in plants)

Produced by Golgi apparatus Powerful ________________ enzymes

Microbodies - contain specialized _______ to perform special ________________ functions. Example: Peroxisomes

Vacuoles - larger than vesicles, store ______________ materials.

Plant cells typically have a __________________________ vacuole.

Plant cells typically have a central vacuole up to ____________ volume in some cells.

Functions in: • ________________ of water, nutrients, pigments & waste

Functions in: • Development of ________________________________

Functions in: • ______________ substances used for protection from herbivores

__________________________ found in ______ cells, ______ Cells & Some __________. Site of _____________________. Use ______________ energy to make a _________________. From ________________ and ____________________.

Chloroplasts: Inner membrane _____________________________.

Chloroplasts: Forms disc-like _____________________________.

Chloroplasts: Contain green pigment ________________ (thylakoid space).

Chloroplasts: Stacked to form _____________________.

Chloroplasts: Suspended in semi-fluid _____________________.

Chloroplasts: ____________________ that synthesize carbohydrates.

Chloroplasts: ____________________ theory – eukaryotic cell engulfed photosynthetic bacteria.

____________________________ found in nearly ________ eukaryotic cells. Site of ____________________. Break down __________ to produce ____ used by the cell. Uses ____________ and produces _____ and ________.

Mitochondria: “__________________ of the Cell”.

Mitochondria:

Mitochondria: Surrounded by a ____________________ membrane. Inner membrane folded to form _____________. Inside is ________________ contains semifluid substance, respiratory ____________________.

Maintains cell __________________________

Maintains cell __________________________ of cell and organelles

Internal __________________________

3 types of macromolecular fibers

________ filaments (like twisted pearl necklace)

Dense web _____________ plasma membrane

Maintains cell _______________

________ things (related to actin filaments)

Intermediate Filaments: ____________________ in size (between actin and microtubules)