Materials found in the environment, such as gold, salt, or fertile soil, that people use for survival or trade.

A flat grassland region with scattered trees that was good for farming and herding.

The world’s largest hot desert, covering much of North Africa, which served as both a barrier and trade route.

A semi-dry region south of the Sahara that served as a transition zone between desert and savannah.

A major West African river that provided water, fertile soil, and trade routes for civilizations.

A network of routes that crossed the Sahara, linking West Africa with North Africa and spreading goods and ideas.

A social group made up of several generations of related families that formed the basis of villages.

An ancient settlement in Mauritania that shows evidence of early farming and stone architecture.

An early West African culture in present-day Nigeria known for ironworking and terracotta sculptures.

The process of heating and melting ore to extract metal, such as iron, allowing for stronger tools and weapons.

Having more food or goods than what is needed for survival, which allowed people to trade and grow communities.

When individuals focus on specific types of work, such as farming or metalworking, strengthening societies and economies.

An ancient city near the Niger River that became a key center of trade, culture, and ironworking.