Fill in the blank: Criminology is the scientific study of ________, criminals, and the criminal justice system, focusing on causes, prevention, and control.

Fill in the blank: Natural explanations of crime attribute causes to ________/observable forces rather than supernatural ones.

Which philosophical idea suggests that people give up some freedoms in exchange for societal order and protection by the state?

Which of the following is NOT a component of deterrence?

Fill in the blank: Rational Choice Theory suggests offenders weigh the ________ against the benefits before committing a crime.

Fill in the blank: According to Opportunity Theories, crime occurs when ________ are present.

According to Routine Activities Theory (Cohen & Felson), crime happens when which three elements converge?

Research shows that the death penalty has a strong and consistent deterrent effect on crime.

What is the main goal of Operation Ceasefire?

CPTED (Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design) involves designing environments to reduce opportunities for crime.

Phrenology is an early biological theory that claimed skull shape or bumps revealed criminal tendencies. Is this theory still considered valid?

Physiognomy is the belief that facial features reveal character or criminality. Is this theory still accepted?

Biosocial Theories blend biology with ________ to influence crime.

Who claimed that criminals were 'born' with biological defects?

Modern Biological Theories incorporate genetics, neuroscience, and ________ interactions.

Twin Study Limitations assume that identical twins share the same environment and overlook ________ factors.

Adoption Study Limitations often fail to fully separate genetic from ________ influences.

Neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine are linked to aggression, impulsivity, or ________-seeking behavior.

Hormones like testosterone and cortisol are connected to aggression, stress, and ________ behavior.

Biological Theory Implications raise ethical issues such as determinism and discrimination.

Life Course Persistent Offenders (Moffitt) are a small group of chronic offenders with antisocial traits that persist into ________.

Crime is correlated with lower measured IQ, especially ________ IQ.

Verbal IQ deficits are more strongly associated with delinquency than ________ IQ.

Mercer and others criticized IQ tests as culturally ________, questioning their fairness in criminological research.

Who is the founder of Modern Psychotherapy and developed psychoanalysis?

Freud's theories were criticized as unscientific, unfalsifiable, and overly focused on ________.

Depression is a psychological condition linked to victimization and offending, and is part of the ________ relationship.

IQ Theory Limitations: Overemphasizes intelligence and ignores ________ causes of crime.

Trait Perspectives: Focus on enduring personal characteristics (e.g., impulsivity, aggression) that may predispose individuals to ________.

According to Self-Control Theory (Gottfredson & Hirschi), low self-control established in childhood predicts ________ across the life span.

Anomie (Durkheim) refers to a state of normlessness when rules weaken and fail to regulate behavior, leading to ________.

Which of the following increases crime risk by disrupting regulation and expectations?

According to Durkheim, human desires are unlimited; only ________ keeps them in check.

As societies modernize, crime patterns change due to shifts in ________, regulation, and solidarity.

Durkheim’s Original Theory is considered too broad and sometimes contradictory.

Elias’s Civilization Curve suggests a long-term decline in violence due to cultural shifts in self-control, manners, and ________.

Crime exists in all societies and serves functions such as reinforcing norms and promoting change. This idea is associated with which theorist?

According to Durkheim, societies must regulate desires to prevent ________ and crime.