Your team is building an AI-based chatbot. The client is unsure of exact requirements and wants to see frequent demos. Which SDLC model suits best?

In the Spiral model, what is the main focus of each cycle?

A medical device software project emphasizes validation after each phase to ensure compliance. Which model is suitable?

The main drawback of Waterfall in dynamic projects is:

A startup wants to release an app in phases: login feature first, payments later. Which model fits?

Which SDLC phase defines “What to build” instead of “How to build”?

During SDLC maintenance, the main activity is:

A project team uses sprints, backlogs, and daily standups. Which methodology is being applied?

Which SDLC model is best for projects with high security and critical systems like defense?

RAD emphasizes:

Which phase involves converting design into actual code?

A government tender project has rigid contracts and cannot change scope midway. Which SDLC is most suitable?

What is the key activity in SDLC testing phase?

Which SDLC model reduces time-to-market with partial deliveries?

A hospital management system must allow patients to book appointments online. This is a:

“The system should respond within 2 seconds for 95% of queries.” This is:

Which of the following is NOT a functional requirement?

Scalability is an example of:

A mobile app must support both iOS and Android. This is a:

“The system should allow the admin to deactivate users.” This is:

Reliability and availability requirements are categorized as:

A system must comply with GDPR laws. This is:

“The system shall generate invoices in PDF format.” This is:

Which requirement describes “how well” a system performs?

The requirement “system uptime must be 99.9%” is an example of:

Which type of requirement specifies encryption, authentication, and authorization?

“System must process 10,000 transactions per second.” This is:

The requirement “users must be able to reset their passwords” is:

Which requirement type usually drives system architecture?

In a library management system, “Borrow Book” is connected to “Search Book” with an «include» relationship. What does this mean?

In an ATM system, “Withdraw Cash” extends “Authenticate User.” What does «extend» imply?

Who is typically represented as an actor in a use case diagram?

In an e-commerce system, “Process Payment” is a use case. Which actor is most likely associated?

A use case diagram helps primarily in:

In an online exam system, “Take Exam” generalizes “Practice Test” and “Final Exam.” What does this mean?

Which of the following is NOT represented in a use case diagram?

An airline system use case “Book Ticket” involves both “Customer” and “Agent” actors. What is this called?

The main purpose of a use case diagram is to:

In a class diagram, which symbol indicates inheritance?

A “Car” class inherits from “Vehicle.” Which relationship exists?

If “Department” contains “Professors” but professors can exist independently, this is:

In a banking system, “Account” class cannot exist without “Customer.” This is:

Multiplicity “1..*” between Customer and Orders means:

A dotted line with arrow in class diagrams represents:

Attributes in class diagrams represent:

Methods are represented in class diagrams by:

If “Teacher” and “Course” are connected with a line, it means:

In UML, visibility “-” before an attribute means:

In a sequence diagram, vertical dashed lines represent:

In a sequence diagram, synchronous messages are drawn as:

The activation bar in sequence diagrams represents:

Which diagram best represents order of method calls?

A sequence diagram for ATM withdrawal shows “ATM → Bank: Validate PIN.” This means:

In a sequence diagram, return messages are shown by:

Which symbol is used for loops in a sequence diagram?

Which UML element is NOT in sequence diagrams?

Sequence diagrams are most useful for:

An online shopping sequence: Customer → System: Add to Cart → System → Payment Gateway. This depicts:

In an activity diagram, a filled circle represents:

In an online shopping activity diagram, a diamond shape is used to:

Which symbol represents concurrent activities?

Which of the following cannot be shown in activity diagrams?

Swimlanes in activity diagrams indicate:

In a railway booking activity diagram, “Confirm Ticket” comes after “Payment Successful.” This is:

The final state in activity diagrams is represented by:

An activity diagram for login has two decisions: (valid credentials → success; invalid → retry). What is this?

Which diagram is most useful for modeling workflows?

Activity diagrams are best used in:

In a state diagram, transitions are triggered by:

In an order system, states are: “Placed → Paid → Shipped.” These represent:

Which symbol denotes the start of a state diagram?

The main purpose of state diagrams is:

In an ATM system, states include: “Idle,” “Authenticating,” “Processing,” “Dispensing Cash.” These represent:

Guard conditions in state diagrams are used to:

Which is NOT represented in state diagrams?

In an elevator system, state “Moving Up” changes to “Idle” when destination is reached. This is:

State diagrams are most useful when modeling:

The Single Responsibility Principle (SRP) means:

In an HR system, a class “Employee” handles payroll, attendance, and reporting. This violates:

The Open/Closed Principle (OCP) states:

Adding new payment methods (PayPal, GCash) without modifying existing code but extending classes follows:

The Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP) ensures:

If “Rectangle” and “Square” violate LSP due to different area logic, what’s the issue?

The Interface Segregation Principle (ISP) states:

A “Printer” interface with methods print(), scan(), fax() is problematic for basic printers. This violates:

The Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP) promotes:

In an order system, if OrderService depends directly on MySQLDatabase, this violates:

Which principle helps reduce tight coupling?

Which principle ensures system flexibility for new features?

If subclasses change base class behavior unexpectedly, which principle is broken?

Large “God classes” that do everything break:

Splitting interfaces into smaller, role-specific ones demonstrates:

Which principle is directly supported by Dependency Injection?

Designing classes that can be easily tested by replacing dependencies with mocks is an application of:

Extending a logging system to support new formats without altering existing logging class is:

Collectively, SOLID principles mainly focus on: