60 mmHg for neonates (birth to 1 month)

70 mmHg for 1 month to 1 year

70 mmHg + (Age x 2) for 1 year to 10 years

80 mmHg for 1 year to 10 years

Inotropic agents such as dopamine or adrenaline

Antihypertensive medications

Diuretics

Beta-blockers

Brain (mental status)

Liver (enzyme levels)

Lungs (oxygen saturation)

Heart (electrocardiogram)

Stable

Respiratory distress

Cardiopulmonary failure

Hypotension

Fluid bolus, 20 mL/kg normal saline (NS) or Ringer's Lactate (Hartman's)

5% Dextrose in Water (D5W)

Normal Saline (NS) only

Lactated Ringer's solution only

Kwashiorkor

Marasmus

Obesity

Anorexia

underweight/marasmus/kwashiorkor : WELLCOME CLASSIFICATION

growth faltering : VERY LOW SEMUA GRAPH

stunted growth (short stature) : KALAU HEIGHT JA YANG LESS THAN -2SD OR 3RD PERCENTILE

short for genetic potential : HEIGHT>1.5SD SCORE BELOW MPH

0.5 - 1 ml/kg/hr

1 - 2 mls/kg/hr

2 - 3 mls/kg/hr

1 - 1.5 mls/kg/hr

Tachypnea, Tachycardia, Poor systemic perfusion, Weak central pulses

Weak central pulses, Altered mental status, Hypotension, Bradycardia

Tachycardia, Altered mental status, Hypotension, Bradycardia

Tachypnea, Weak central pulses, Altered mental status, Hypotension

Clear (no assistance needed to maintain airway patency)

Maintainable (non-invasive assistance needed such as bag-valve mask, head positioning or suctioning)

Not maintainable (needed invasive ventilation such as endotracheal intubation, needle cricothyrotomy or relief of foreign bodies)

Obstructed (complete blockage of the airway requiring immediate intervention)

1st DOL: 60 mls/kg/day, 2nd DOL: 80 mls/kg/day, 3rd DOL: 100 mls/kg/day, 4th DOL: 120 mls/kg/day

First 10 kg: 100 mls/kg/day, Second 10 kg: 50 mls/kg/day, Rest of kg: 20 mls/kg/day

Up to 6 months: 150 mls/kg/day, Up to 1 year old: 120 mls/kg/day

1st DOL: 50 mls/kg/day, 2nd DOL: 70 mls/kg/day, 3rd DOL: 90 mls/kg/day, 4th DOL: 110 mls/kg/day

Tachypnea, Recession, Abnormal breathing sounds, Skin colour changes

Coughing, Sneezing, Fever, Headache

Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Abdominal pain

Fatigue, Muscle pain, Joint pain, Skin rash

In the first year, 1000 calories, then add 100 calories for each year up till 12 years.

Start with 1200 calories and increase by 50 calories each year.

Begin with 800 calories and add 200 calories for each subsequent year.

Calculate based on the child's weight and height only.

SVT in Infants: >= 220, Children: >= 180

Normal to Sinus Tachycardia in Infants: 85 to 220, Children: 60 to 180

SVT in Infants: >= 180, Children: >= 160

Normal to Sinus Tachycardia in Infants: 70 to 200, Children: 50 to 170

In septic shock, the skin color becomes warm due to vasodilation and increased blood flow to the peripheries.

In septic shock, the skin color becomes cold due to vasoconstriction and decreased blood flow to the peripheries.

In septic shock, the heart rate decreases significantly due to reduced blood volume.

In septic shock, the patient experiences severe abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Inadequate calorie intake

Inadequate caloric absorption

Excessive calorie expenditure

Insufficient physical activity

AVPU

ABCDE

CABCDE

SAMPLE

Stable

Respiratory distress: increase effort breathing

Shock: cardiac output cannot meet demands of the rest of the body

Cardiopulmonary failure: both failure of cardiac and respiratory leading to signs - agonal respirations/bradycardia/cyanosis and poor perfusion

Loss of central pulses occurs before loss of peripheral pulses

Loss of peripheral pulses occurs before loss of central pulses

Central pulses remain unaffected until the end stages

Distal pulses are always stronger than central pulses