Ciliates such as B. coli and Paramecium

Coccidians, sporozoa

represents the taxon to which the species belongs; first letter is capitalized

trivial name that distinguishes the species within the genus

stramenopiles

Encephalitozoon spp., Enterocytozoon spp.

obligate intracellular, sporeforming parasites now classified as fungi

atypical fungus

nematodes (roundworms)

trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms)

ticks, mites, chiggers

mosquitoes, flies, midges, bugs, lice, fleas, beetles, cockroaches

crabs, crayfish, copepods

living together of phylogenetically different organisms. e.g., host and parasite

beneficial to both organisms

beneficial to one organism, neutral to the other

beneficial to one organism, harmful to the other

Harbors the adult or sexual stage of a parasite

Harbors the larval or asexual stage of a parasite

Harbors a parasite that does not develop but remains alive and is infective to the next host

Allows the parasite’s life cycle to continue and serves as a source of human infection

Definite host of Plasmodium

Definite host of Toxoplasma gondii

Intermediate host of Wuchureria bancrofti

Intermediate host of trematodes

Paratenic host of D. latum

Paratenic host of G. spinigerum

Reservour of Balantidium coli

Depends entirely upon its host for existence

Most parasites

Capable of parasitic and free-living existence

Strongyloides stercoralis FLAs

Larval stage is passed in a host while the adult is free living

Strongyloides stercoralis

Completes its life cycle in 1 host (monoxenous)

H. nana

Requires 2 or more hosts for the larval and adult stages

Trematodes and cestodes

Primarily infects animals and may be acquired by man thereby causing human infection

B. coli Agents of larva migrans

Passes through the intestinal tract without causing any disturbance

Fasciola hepatica (eggs)

Occurs in an unusual host

Echinococcus spp. Agents of larva migrans

Occurs in an unusual organ or habitat

Ascaris lumbricoides (ectopic ascariasis)

Live inside the body of a host; invasion is called infection

Live on body surfaces or may burrow into the upper layer of the skin; invasion is called infestation

Lice (Pediculus humanus capitis, P. h. humanus, Phthirus pubis), itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei)

Visit the host only during feeding time

Bed bug, biting flies, mosquito

transmits a parasite only after the latter has completed part of its development

– responsible only for transporting the parasite

vector of Plasmodium spp., Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi

vector of Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma brucei, other filariae

vector of Trypanosoma cruzi

vector of Babesia spp.

Mechanical vectors of Ascaris lumbricoides & other enteric parasites

Antacids, antidiarrheals, barium, bismuth, laxatives (leave crystalline residues)

gallbladder dyes

liquid specimens must be examined within

soft or semi-formed specimens must be examined within

formed specimens may be examined within

▪ prepared by mixing approximately 2 mg of stool with a drop of 0.85% NSS

useful in the detection of motile protozoan trophozoites, helminth eggs, and larvae

may be stained by iodine to enhance the visibility of nuclear structures in protozoal cysts and aid in detecting glycogen inclusions

Formalin preservative ; Ether/ethyl acetate extract fats

Can be used with specimens preserved in formalin, MIF or SAF

Efficient in recovering most protozoan cysts and helminth eggs and larvae, including operculate eggs, and is moderately effective for schistosome eggs

Less distortion of protozoal cysts compared to AECT and zinc sulfate flotation

40% HCl acts as clearing agent

▪ Recommended for animal parasites, Trichuris, Capillaria, and Schistosoma eggs

Parasites may be lost to the plug of debris; possible destruction of protozoan cysts

33% ZnSO4 with SG of 1.18 for processing fresh feces

(SG adjusted to 1.2 if specimen is formalinized)

Cleaner preparation but is unreliable for the recovery of nematode larvae, infertile eggs of Ascaris, eggs of Taenia, schistosomes and other cestodes and trematodes

Uses saturated salt solution with a SG of 1.2 ; no centrifugation is required

Not applicable for operculate and thin-shelled eggs

Uses boiled sugar solution preserved with phenol

▪ Preferred for concentrating coccidian oocysts (C. parvum, C. belli, C. cayetanensis)

Identification of intestinal protozoans (cysts and trophozoites of amebae, flagellates, and ciliates)

Demonstration of microsporidium spores; Calcufluor white may also be used

Demonstration of Coccidian oocyst

Pink-red (acid-fast)

Bright pinkish red spore wall with a stripe or diagonal line

Cytoplasm – blue to green with purplish tint Nucleus, inclusions, Charcot-Leyden crystals - red

Shades of gray-blue to black

Approximately 50 to 60 mg of stool placed over a glass slide and covered with cellophane that has been soaked in a mixture of glycine and malachite green; useful in mass stool examination

h uses a measured amount of stool sieved through a wire mesh

Neutrophils resemble

Macrophages, squamous and columnar epithelial cells resemble

Yeast, fungal conidia, mushroom spores, diatoms resemble

Mite eggs resemble

Pollen grains resemble

involves diluting 4 g of stool with 56 mL 0.1 N NaOH using calibrated Stoll flask and pipette followed by counting eggs in 0.15 mL of the diluted sample (epg = eggs/slide x 100)

used to determine severity of Schistosoma infection

used to detect eggs of E. vermicularis ; a drop of xylene or toluene may be added to improve the visualization of eggs. Repeat 4 to 6 times to confirm a negative result.

for the diagnosis of E. histolytica infection

useful for the recovery of Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, Strongyloides stercoralis, and other intestinal parasites

involves mixing stool suspension with granulated charcoal; larvae are harvested after 5-6 days using the Boerman technique

– involves applying positive stool to a filter paper strip and placing it into a test tube with distilled water for 10 days at 25-30°C

sensitive technique for the recovery of S. stercoralis larvae; involves placing 2 g stool in an agar plate and incubating at 26-33°C for 2 days

uses 2-3 small drops of blood which are mixed to form a circular smear; dehemoglobinized prior to staining

used for rapid diagnosis of malaria and demonstration of trypomastigotes and microfilaria

prepared in a way that the smear is thick at one end, thin and feathery at the other end; fixed with alcohol prior to staining

used for species identification

Parasites/µL blood = (parasites / WBCs counted) × WBC count or 8,000 WBCs/µL

% parasitemia = (parasitized RBCs / total RBCs counted) × 100

recommended for detection and identification of blood parasites

not optimal for blood parasites

– used to demonstrate the detailed structures of microfilariae; requires dehemoglobinization of thick films with 2% formalin in 1% acetic acid

blood smears are stained with acridine orange which results in a differential staining of nuclear DNA in green and of cytoplasmic RNA in red

Leishmania amastigotes resemble which of the following artifacts?

Plasmodium schizonts resemble which of the following artifacts?

Trypomastigotes and malarial stages resemble which of the following artifacts?

1 mL of blood is mixed with 10 mL 2% formalin followed by centrifugation. Sediment is then examined as a wet mount or as a stained smear

1 mL of blood is lysed with 10 mL distilled water in a syringe with a 5-µm membrane filter attached

EIA can be used for antigen detection in?

Targets HRP2 (HISTIDINE-RICH PROTEIN 2)

Targets pLDH

Circumoval precipitin test

Complement fixation can be done in

Sabin-Feldman dye test is the gold standard for

IHA can be used in

separation of template DNA to single strands (94°C)

– binding of primers specific for each target strand sequence (50-65°C)

addition of deoxyribonucleotides to produce new strands (72°C)