WorksheetsREFRACTIVE ERROR - Multiple Choice Questions
Total questions: 46
Worksheet time: 4mins
What is the most common refractive error in children?
Hyperopia
Myopia (nearsightedness)
Astigmatism
Presbyopia
Which condition is characterized by blurred distance vision but clear near vision?
Hyperopia
Myopia
Astigmatism
Amblyopia
What is the primary cause of myopia progression in children?
Genetic factors
Excessive near work and limited outdoor activity
Vitamin D deficiency
Premature birth
Which refractive error is common in infants but typically resolves by age 2–3 years?
What is the gold standard for diagnosing refractive errors in children?
Snellen chart
Cycloplegic refraction (using atropine or cyclopentolate)
Corneal topography
Visual evoked potential (VEP)
Which treatment can slow myopia progression in children?
Oral beta-carotene
Low-dose atropine eye drops (0.01%)
Blue-light-blocking glasses
Vitamin A supplements
What is the threshold anisometropia that can cause amblyopia?
≥1.5 D difference between eyes
≥0.5 D
≥3.0 D
No specific threshold
Which device is used to screen for refractive errors in preschoolers?
Tonometry
Photoscreener or autorefractor
OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography)
Gonioscopy
What is the first-line management for hyperopia causing strabismus or amblyopia?
Observation
Corrective glasses (full cycloplegic correction)
Which condition is associated with "lazy eye" due to untreated refractive error?
Strabismus
Amblyopia
Nystagmus
Cataract
What type of lens corrects astigmatism?
Spherical lens
Cylindrical lens
Bifocal lens
Prism lens
Which intervention is recommended for children with progressive myopia?
Orthokeratology (overnight rigid contact lenses)
Pilocarpine eye drops
Laser surgery (PRK)
Intraocular lens implantation
What is the recommended outdoor activity duration to reduce myopia risk?
15 minutes/day
≥2 hours/day
30 minutes/week
No proven benefit
Which refractive error is linked to prematurity and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)?
High myopia
Hyperopia
Presbyopia
Keratoconus
When should a child with suspected refractive error be referred to a pediatric ophthalmologist?
Only if vision is worse than 20/40
If amblyopia, strabismus, or anisometropia is detected
After age 10 years
Only if parents request it
What is the most common bacterial cause of acute otitis media (AOM) in children?
Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Which symptom is most specific for acute otitis media (AOM)?
Fever
Bulging tympanic membrane
Cough
Diarrhea
According to the AAP, when is antibiotic therapy strongly recommended for AOM?
All cases of AOM
Children <6 months with AOM
Only if symptoms last >7 days
Only if the child has a fever
What is the first-line antibiotic for AOM in a penicillin-allergic child?
Amoxicillin
Azithromycin
Which condition is characterized by fluid in the middle ear without signs of infection?
Acute otitis media (AOM)
Otitis media with effusion (OME)
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)
Mastoiditis
What is the most common complication of untreated AOM?
Meningitis
Tympanic membrane perforation
Cholesteatoma
Facial nerve palsy
Which test is most useful for diagnosing otitis media with effusion (OME)?
Throat culture
Tympanometry
Audiometry
CT scan
When should tympanostomy tubes be considered for recurrent AOM?
After 1 episode
≥3 episodes in 6 months or ≥4 episodes in 1 year
Only if hearing loss is permanent
Never in children under 2 years
Which vaccine has reduced the incidence of AOM caused by S. pneumoniae?
Hepatitis B vaccine
Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13)
MMR vaccine
Varicella vaccine
What is the most common cause of hearing loss in children?
Noise exposure
Otitis media with effusion (OME)
Congenital deafness
Ototoxicity
Which of the following is a risk factor for recurrent AOM?
Day-care attendance
Breastfeeding >6 months
Lack of vaccinations
High-fiber diet
What is the most serious complication of AOM?
Otitis externa
Mastoiditis
Tinnitus
Vertigo
How long should OME be observed before considering intervention?
1 week
3 months (if asymptomatic)
6 months
Immediate referral
Which organism is commonly associated with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM)?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Moraxella catarrhalis
The treatment of choice for mastoiditis is:
Myringotomy with intravenous antibiotics
Oral antihistamines
Topical ear drops only
Observation without treatment
Which of the following is the recommended treatment for a severe skin infection?
Oral amoxicillin
IV antibiotics (e.g., ceftriaxone) ± surgical drainage
Antiviral therapy
Steroids
What is the hallmark symptom of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children?
Pruritus (itchiness)
Painful blisters
Hair loss
Thickened nails
Which age group most commonly develops atopic dermatitis?
Adolescents
Adults
Infants and young children (onset before age 5 in 90% of cases)
Elderly
Which of the following is a major diagnostic criterion for AD (Hanifin & Rajka criteria)?
Fever
Chronic or relapsing dermatitis
Joint pain
Weight loss
What is the first-line treatment for mild atopic dermatitis?
Oral steroids
Emollients (moisturizers) and gentle skin care
Antibiotics
UV therapy
What is a common trigger for AD exacerbations in children?
Dry skin and irritants (e.g., soaps, wool)
High-fiber diet
Cold weather only
Excessive sunlight
Which complication is associated with severe AD?
Secondary bacterial infection (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus)
Hypertension
Diabetes
Bone fractures
When should topical calcineurin inhibitors (e.g., tacrolimus) be used?
As first-line therapy
For steroid-resistant AD or sensitive areas (face, eyelids)
Only in adults
For fungal infections
Which systemic medication may be used for severe, refractory AD?
Oral immunosuppressants (e.g., cyclosporine, dupilumab)
Antivirals
Insulin
Chemotherapy
What is the role of antihistamines in AD management?
Reduce itching (especially sedating types like hydroxyzine at night)
Cure AD permanently
Which food is most commonly associated with AD exacerbations in infants?
Rice
Cow’s milk
Bananas
Carrots
What is the "atopic triad"?
AD + allergic rhinitis + asthma
AD + psoriasis + vitiligo
AD + diabetes + hypertension
AD + eczema herpeticum + impetigo
Which sign suggests eczema herpeticum (a medical emergency)?
Clustered vesicles with punched-out erosions + fever
Mild dryness
Hyperpigmentation
Bruising
What is the primary goal of AD management?
Complete cure
Symptom control and flare prevention
Avoiding all baths
Eliminating all allergens
Which bathing practice is recommended for children with AD?
Short, lukewarm baths with gentle cleansers
Hot baths to kill bacteria
Avoid bathing entirely
Which of the following is the best bathing practice for sensitive skin?
Short, lukewarm baths with gentle cleansers
(Option not visible)
(Option not visible)
Scrubbing with loofahs
