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Oceanography Midterm Review - Introduction to Oceanography

Total questions: 161

Worksheet time: 3hrs 38mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

What is the scientific study of the oceans, their phenomena, and all their associated life forms called?

a)

Oceanography

b)

Meteorology

c)

Geology

d)

Astronomy

2.

What term describes the interconnected system of all Earth's oceanic waters?

a)

World Ocean

b)

Continental Shelf

c)

Great Barrier Reef

d)

Hydrosphere

3.

Which of the following is NOT a sub-discipline of oceanography?

a)

Geological Oceanography

b)

Chemical Oceanography

c)

Physical Oceanography

d)

Astronomical Oceanography

4.

Match the sub-discipline of oceanography with its correct description:

a)

Geological Oceanography

1.

Study of the seafloor structure, plate tectonics, and sediments.

b)

Chemical Oceanography

2.

Study of the composition of seawater, cycles, and pollution.

c)

Physical Oceanography

3.

Study of waves, tides, currents, and ocean-atmosphere interaction (climate).

d)

Biological Oceanography

4.

Study of marine life, ecosystems, and human impact on biological resources.

5.

Approximately what percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by the ocean?

a)

Approximately 70%

b)

Approximately 50%

c)

Approximately 30%

d)

Approximately 90%

6.

The ocean holds what percentage of the Earth's surface water?

a)

97%

b)

50%

c)

75%

d)

85%

7.

The ocean is critical for regulating global climate and is a major resource for food, energy, and transportation.

a)

True

b)

False

8.

Name two major oceans shown on the map.

a)

Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean

b)

Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean

c)

Southern Ocean, Indian Ocean

d)

Arctic Ocean, Southern Ocean

9.

The four main branches of oceanography and an example of what each studies are: Biological (marine life), Chemical (seawater composition), Geological (seafloor structure), and Physical (ocean currents).

a)

Biological (marine life), Chemical (seawater composition), Geological (seafloor structure), and Physical (ocean currents)

b)

Meteorological (weather patterns), Astronomical (stars), Volcanological (volcanoes), and Hydrological (rivers)

c)

Botanical (plants), Zoological (animals), Mineralogical (minerals), and Atmospheric (air)

d)

Ecological (ecosystems), Paleontological (fossils), Geographical (landforms), and Climatological (climate)

10.

The importance of the oceans is that they:

a)

regulate the Earth's climate and support marine life

b)

are only important for recreational activities

c)

have no impact on weather patterns

d)

are not connected to the water cycle

11.

The primary contribution of Matthew Fontaine Maury to oceanography was:

a)

mapping ocean currents and winds

b)

discovering the Gulf Stream

c)

inventing the submarine

d)

developing the theory of plate tectonics

12.

The invention of the chronometer was significant for ocean exploration because it allowed sailors to:

a)

Accurately determine longitude at sea

b)

Predict weather patterns

c)

Communicate with other ships

d)

Measure ocean depth

13.

The long-term legacy of the Challenger Expedition was:

a)

the foundation of modern oceanography

b)

the discovery of the Pacific Ocean

c)

the invention of the steam engine

d)

the first manned mission to the Moon

14.

Cartographer: ________

a)

A person who makes maps.

b)

A person who studies stars.

c)

A person who writes books.

d)

A person who builds bridges.

15.

Chronometer: ________

a)

A timepiece accurate enough to determine longitude at sea (invented by John Harrison).

b)

A device used to measure atmospheric pressure.

c)

A tool for measuring electrical resistance.

d)

A machine for calculating distances traveled by vehicles.

16.

Challenger Expedition: ________

a)

The first major global, comprehensive marine science expedition (1872-1876).

b)

A failed attempt to reach the North Pole by submarine (1901-1904).

c)

The first underwater archaeological excavation in the Mediterranean (1880-1882).

d)

A British naval mission to map the Amazon River (1865-1868).

17.

Bathymetry: ________

a)

The measurement of ocean depths and the charting of the shape or topography of the ocean floor.

b)

The study of weather patterns over the ocean.

c)

The process of measuring salinity in seawater.

d)

The analysis of marine animal populations.

18.

Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging): ________

a)

A system that uses sound pulses to measure distance and map the seafloor.

b)

A device that measures air pressure in the atmosphere.

c)

A method for detecting light waves in space.

d)

A tool used to measure temperature in the ocean.

19.

CTD (Conductivity, Temperature, Depth): ________

a)

An instrument package used to measure key physical properties of seawater.

b)

A type of underwater vehicle used for deep-sea exploration.

c)

A satellite used for monitoring ocean currents.

d)

A method for desalinating seawater.

20.

Satellite Altimetry: ________

a)

Technique used to measure sea surface height, which can indirectly reveal seafloor topography.

b)

Method for measuring atmospheric pressure at high altitudes.

c)

Process of mapping the magnetic field of the Earth from space.

d)

Technique for tracking animal migration using satellites.

21.

The method of measuring ocean depth has evolved from early exploration to modern times in which of the following ways?

a)

From using weighted ropes to advanced sonar technology

b)

From using satellites to weighted ropes

c)

From using submarines to hand signals

d)

From using GPS to visual estimation

22.

The CTD instrument measures which of the following parameters, and why are these measurements crucial?

a)

Conductivity, temperature, and depth; these measurements are crucial for understanding oceanographic conditions.

b)

Carbon dioxide, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen; these measurements are crucial for monitoring air quality.

c)

Chlorophyll, salinity, and pH; these measurements are crucial for studying plant growth.

d)

Wind speed, wave height, and rainfall; these measurements are crucial for weather forecasting.

23.

Satellite altimetry can map the seafloor without actually touching it by measuring the height of the sea surface from space. Which of the following best explains how this is possible?

a)

By measuring variations in sea surface height caused by underwater features

b)

By sending divers to the seafloor to take measurements

c)

By using underwater robots to scan the seafloor directly

d)

By collecting water samples from the ocean surface

24.

The Nebular Hypothesis explains the process that led to Earth's formation.

a)

It describes how a cloud of gas and dust collapsed to form the Sun and planets, including Earth.

b)

It states that Earth was formed by the collision of two large asteroids.

c)

It suggests that Earth was created by volcanic eruptions on the Sun.

d)

It claims that Earth was formed from a single giant crystal.

25.

Density stratification is the process that led to Earth's layered structure. Which of the following best defines density stratification and explains its role in forming Earth's layers?

a)

It is the separation of materials based on density, causing denser materials to sink and form Earth's core while lighter materials rise to form the crust and mantle.

b)

It is the process by which Earth's surface erodes over time, creating different landforms.

c)

It is the mixing of all Earth's materials into a uniform composition.

d)

It is the cooling of Earth's surface, resulting in the formation of mountains and valleys.

26.

The primary source of water that created the Earth's first oceans was:

a)

volcanic outgassing

b)

melting polar ice caps

c)

photosynthesis by early plants

d)

erosion of surface rocks

27.

Differentiate between oceanic and continental crust based on density and composition.

a)

Oceanic crust is denser and mainly basaltic, while continental crust is less dense and mainly granitic.

b)

Oceanic crust is less dense and mainly granitic, while continental crust is denser and mainly basaltic.

c)

Both oceanic and continental crust have the same density and composition.

d)

Oceanic crust is denser and mainly granitic, while continental crust is less dense and mainly basaltic.

28.

The difference between the Lithosphere and the Asthenosphere is that:

a)

the Lithosphere is rigid and brittle, while the Asthenosphere is semi-fluid and can flow

b)

the Lithosphere is hotter than the Asthenosphere

c)

the Asthenosphere is above the Lithosphere

d)

the Lithosphere is made of liquid magma, while the Asthenosphere is solid rock

29.

The Inner Core is solid, even though it is hotter than the liquid Outer Core, because:

a)

the pressure is so high that it keeps the core solid

b)

it is made of different materials than the Outer Core

c)

it cools down faster than the Outer Core

d)

the Inner Core is older than the Outer Core

30.

Crust: _________.

a)

The thin, outermost layer (Oceanic and Continental).

b)

The thick, innermost layer of the Earth.

c)

A layer made entirely of molten iron.

d)

The gaseous layer surrounding the Earth.

31.

Mantle: _________.

a)

The thick, hot, solid layer between the crust and the core.

b)

The thin, outermost layer of the Earth.

c)

The Earth's liquid outer core.

d)

The Earth's atmosphere.

32.

Core: _________

a)

The innermost, densest part of the Earth (Outer is liquid, Inner is solid).

b)

The outermost, thinnest layer of the Earth.

c)

A layer made mostly of silicate rocks, located above the core.

d)

A gaseous layer surrounding the Earth.

33.

Lithosphere: _________.

a)

The rigid outer layer, composed of the crust and the uppermost mantle; broken into tectonic plates.

b)

A layer of molten rock beneath the Earth's surface.

c)

The innermost layer of the Earth, composed mainly of iron and nickel.

d)

A gaseous layer surrounding the Earth.

34.

Asthenosphere: _________

a)

The plastic (flowing), hot, weaker layer beneath the lithosphere.

b)

The rigid outermost shell of the Earth.

c)

A solid, cool, and brittle layer above the mantle.

d)

The innermost metallic core of the Earth.

35.

Continental Drift: _________.

a)

The hypothesis (proposed by Alfred Wegener) that continents move over time.

b)

The process by which mountains are formed from volcanic eruptions.

c)

The theory that continents have always remained in the same position.

d)

The idea that ocean currents shape the continents.

36.

Seafloor Spreading: _________.

a)

The theory (proposed by Harry Hess) that new oceanic crust is created at mid-ocean ridges and moves outward.

b)

The process by which continents drift apart due to wind erosion.

c)

The idea that ocean water evaporates to form new land masses.

d)

The movement of tectonic plates caused by lunar gravitational pull.

37.

Subduction: _________.

a)

The process where one tectonic plate descends beneath another.

b)

The process where two plates move away from each other.

c)

The process where mountains are formed by folding.

d)

The process where magma rises to form new crust.

38.

Mid-Ocean Ridge (MOR): _________

a)

A long, underwater mountain range where new crust is formed.

b)

A deep trench where old crust is destroyed.

c)

A flat plain found at the bottom of the ocean.

d)

A volcanic island chain formed by hotspots.

39.

The key piece of evidence that confirmed Harry Hess's theory of seafloor spreading was:

a)

the discovery of symmetrical patterns of magnetic stripes on either side of mid-ocean ridges

b)

the presence of dinosaur fossils on the ocean floor

c)

the measurement of deep ocean trenches only in the Pacific Ocean

d)

the finding of coral reefs at great ocean depths

40.

The geological activity that occurs at a convergent boundary where oceanic crust meets continental crust is:

a)

Subduction of the oceanic plate beneath the continental plate

b)

Formation of mid-ocean ridges

c)

Creation of rift valleys

d)

Divergence of tectonic plates

41.

The major flaw in Alfred Wegener's original theory of Continental Drift was:

a)

He could not explain the mechanism that moved the continents.

b)

He believed the Earth was flat.

c)

He thought continents never moved at all.

d)

He claimed the continents were made of water.

42.

The main difference between an active continental margin and a passive continental margin is:

a)

Active margins are associated with plate boundaries and tectonic activity, while passive margins are not.

b)

Passive margins are found at plate boundaries, while active margins are not.

c)

Active margins have no tectonic activity, while passive margins do.

d)

Passive margins are characterized by frequent earthquakes and volcanoes, while active margins are not.

43.

The three main components of a typical continental margin are:

a)

continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise

b)

continental shelf, abyssal plain, mid-ocean ridge

c)

continental rise, ocean trench, seamount

d)

continental slope, island arc, rift valley

44.

The unique ecosystem that exists around hydrothermal vents is characterized by:

a)

organisms relying on chemosynthesis instead of photosynthesis

b)

abundant sunlight supporting plant life

c)

a dominance of terrestrial animals

d)

ecosystems based on photosynthesis

45.

The principle behind using echo sounding to determine ocean depth is based on which of the following?

a)

Measuring the time taken for sound waves to travel to the ocean floor and back

b)

Observing the color of the water

c)

Counting the number of waves on the surface

d)

Measuring the temperature of the water

46.

Multibeam sonar improves upon older, single-beam methods by:

a)

providing wider and more detailed coverage of the seafloor

b)

using only a single sound pulse at a time

c)

reducing the accuracy of underwater mapping

d)

eliminating the need for any sonar equipment

47.

The purpose of using seismic reflection profiling in oceanography is:

a)

to study the structure of the ocean floor

b)

to measure ocean salinity

c)

to track marine animal migration

d)

to monitor surface wave patterns

48.

Bathymetry: ________ is the measurement of ocean depths (same as Topic 3).

a)

Bathymetry

b)

Topography

c)

Meteorology

d)

Seismology

49.

Multibeam Sonar: ________ is a system of transducers that sends out multiple beams to map a wide area of the seafloor simultaneously.

a)

Multibeam Sonar

b)

Single Beam Echo Sounder

c)

Side Scan Sonar

d)

Sub-bottom Profiler

50.

Terrigenous Sediment: ________ is sediment derived from land (from weathering and erosion).

a)

Terrigenous Sediment

b)

Biogenous Sediment

c)

Hydrogenous Sediment

d)

Cosmogenous Sediment

51.

Biogenous Sediment: ________ is sediment derived from the remains of marine organisms (shells, skeletons).

a)

Biogenous Sediment

b)

Terrigenous Sediment

c)

Hydrogenous Sediment

d)

Cosmogenous Sediment

52.

Hydrogenous Sediment: ________ is sediment precipitated directly from seawater (e.g., manganese nodules).

a)

Hydrogenous Sediment

b)

Terrigenous Sediment

c)

Biogenous Sediment

d)

Cosmogenous Sediment

53.

Cosmogenous Sediment: ________ is sediment derived from outer space (e.g., meteor dust).

a)

Cosmogenous Sediment

b)

Biogenous Sediment

c)

Hydrogenous Sediment

d)

Lithogenous Sediment

54.

Ooze: ________ is deep-sea sediment composed of at least 30% biogenous material.

a)

Ooze

b)

Clay

c)

Sand

d)

Gravel

55.

The four main sources of seafloor sediment are:

a)

Terrigenous, biogenous, hydrogenous, cosmogenous

b)

Igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary, volcanic

c)

Organic, inorganic, chemical, physical

d)

Continental, oceanic, volcanic, glacial

56.

The most abundant type of sediment by volume and its source is:

a)

Terrigenous sediment from land

b)

Biogenous sediment from marine organisms

c)

Hydrogenous sediment from chemical reactions in water

d)

Cosmogenous sediment from space

57.

Calcareous ooze and siliceous ooze differ in composition and typical locations. Which statement correctly describes this difference?

a)

Calcareous ooze is composed of calcium carbonate and is typically found in shallower, warmer ocean regions, while siliceous ooze is composed of silica and is usually found in deeper, colder waters.

b)

Calcareous ooze is composed of silica and is found in deep ocean basins, while siliceous ooze is made of calcium carbonate and found in shallow seas.

c)

Both calcareous and siliceous oozes are composed of organic matter and are found only near hydrothermal vents.

d)

Siliceous ooze is found in shallow, tropical waters, while calcareous ooze is found in polar regions.

58.

The longshore current plays which role in beach formation and erosion?

a)

It transports sand along the coast, shaping beaches and causing erosion.

b)

It prevents any movement of sand along the shore.

c)

It only builds up beaches without causing erosion.

d)

It has no effect on the shape of beaches.

59.

The primary function of a barrier island is to:

a)

Protect the mainland from storms and erosion, but they are dangerous for permanent construction due to their shifting nature.

b)

Provide a stable foundation for buildings and infrastructure.

c)

Serve as a permanent landform ideal for urban development.

d)

Act as a freshwater source for nearby cities.

60.

The unintended consequences that often result from building groins or seawalls to combat beach erosion include:

a)

Increased erosion in adjacent areas

b)

Permanent prevention of all erosion

c)

Creation of new beaches everywhere

d)

No impact on surrounding environments

61.

Define Longshore Current.

a)

A water movement parallel to the coast, generated by waves approaching the shore at an angle.

b)

A deep ocean current caused by temperature differences.

c)

A tidal wave moving perpendicular to the shoreline.

d)

A current formed by river discharge into the sea.

62.

Define Longshore Transport (Drift).

a)

The movement of sand and sediment down the beach by the longshore current.

b)

The process of wind eroding coastal cliffs.

c)

The deposition of sediment by rivers into the ocean.

d)

The upward movement of water due to tides.

63.

What is a Barrier Island?

a)

Long, narrow, low-lying islands parallel to the coast, separated from the mainland by a lagoon.

b)

A mountain range found inland, far from the coast.

c)

A type of coral reef found only in tropical waters.

d)

A deep underwater trench located at the edge of the continental shelf.

64.
Temperature and salinity affect the ______ of water.
a)
none of the other choices
b)
wave speed
c)
depth
d)
density
65.
Water that has greater density ______ .
a)
sinks
b)
rises
c)
spins clockwise
d)
is warmer
66.

A is the (a)   Ocean.

67.

C is the (a)   Ocean.

68.

Which Ocean on the image is the largest and deepest?

a)

A

b)

B

c)

C

d)

D

e)

E

69.

The average salinity of ocean water is

a)

20 ppt

b)

5 ppm

c)

5 %

d)

35 ppt

70.
What is the only part of the ocean floor without tectonic activity?
a)
continental slope
b)
continental margin
c)
seamount
d)
abyssal plain
71.
Sea levels rise when glacial ice caps-
a)
grow
b)
melt
c)
migrate
d)
hit the Titanic
72.
What sea floor feature is created by erosion and deposition?
a)
continental rise
b)
submarine canyon
c)
Marianas trench
d)
seamount
73.
What part of the ocean floor would be most affected by sea level change?
a)
abyssal plain
b)
continental shelf
c)
continental slope
d)
trench
74.
What major feature of the ocean floor circumnavigates the Earth?
a)
mid oceanic ridge
b)
continental slope
c)
trench
d)
sea mount
75.
A trench is formed at what zone?
a)
subduction
b)
divergent
c)
convergent
d)
strike-slip
76.
Which of the following is not a process that decreases the salinity of seawater?
a)
runoff from land
b)
icebergs melting
c)
precipitation
d)
evaporation
77.
The ocean layer of rapid temperature change with depth is known as the 
a)
trophic level
b)
deep zone
c)
mixed zone
d)
themocline
78.
Which process increases the salinity of water?
a)
runoff from land
b)
formation of sea ice
c)
precipitation
d)
melting of sea ice
79.

Which of the world's ocean is the deepest?

a)

Arctic

b)

Atlantic

c)

Indian

d)

Pacific

80.

What does SONAR equipment measure?

a)

the density of the ocean's water

b)

the depth of the ocean's floor

c)

the noise produced by bottom-dwelling creatures

d)

the shape of the ocean's surface

81.

Scientists use satellites to measure the

a)

ocean floor depth

b)

size of underwater features

c)

sea- surface height

d)

salinity

82.

Which of the following form at mid-ocean ridges?

a)

island arcs

b)

sea stacks

c)

guyots

d)

new ocean floor

83.

Abyssal plains are very flat features that form when

a)

volcanoes spread lava on the ocean floor

b)

turbidity currents deposit sediments on the ocean floor

c)

ocean waters flood plains on land

d)

plates diverge on the ocean floor causing sea-floor spreading

84.

Which is a characteristic of life at the abyssal zone?

a)

seaweeds attached to the seafloor

b)

no photosynthesis occurs

c)

no availability of food

d)

warm-water organisms are plentiful

85.

The ​ (a)   is the gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline.

Choose from the below words
continental shelf
continental margin
continental slope
abyssal plain
86.

How do scientists use sonar to study Earth’s oceans?

a)

to map ocean currents

b)

to map the ocean floor

c)

to measure water density

d)

to measure underwater earthquakes

87.

Different ions are found in ocean water. Vasily’s teacher gives him this table, which lists the six most common ions found in ocean water. Based on the information in the table, the ions of which of the following salts is most commonly found in ocean water?

a)

sodium sulfate

b)

sodium chloride

c)

calcium chloride

d)

magnesium sulfate

88.

A scientist is studying a region of the ocean floor. She discovers a long, deep canyon that runs parallel to the coastline of a nearby continent. What can she infer from this discovery?

a)

The oceanic plate is sliding past the continental plate.

b)

The oceanic plate is sliding under the continental plate.

c)

The continental plate is sliding under the oceanic plate.

d)

The continental plate is pulling away from the oceanic plate.

89.

Which of the following Ocean basins is closest to Georgia?

a)

Pacific

b)

Atlantic

c)

Indian

d)

Arctic

90.

The name of the first scientific expedition to explore the world's oceans and sea floor.

a)

Deep Sea Challenge

b)

The Challenger Expedition

c)

HMS Beagle

91.

When did modern oceanography really begin to "take off"?

a)

World War II

b)

Civil War

c)

Revolutionary War

d)

Vietnam War

92.

Beginning 25,000 years ago, the Polynesians began to colonize the islands of the _____________________.

a)

Mediterranean Sea

b)

Indian Ocean

c)

South and Western Pacific Ocean

d)

Atlantic Ocean

93.

Captain James Cook prevented his sailors from getting Scurvy by making them eat ____________________________.

a)

Chicken

b)

Bananas

c)

Pickled Cabbage

d)

Potatoes

94.

The deepest part of the ocean is the ______________________.

a)

Peru Chile Trench

b)

Puerto Rican Trench

c)

Marianas Trench

95.

When did modern oceanography begin as a field of science?

a)

In the early 18th century

b)

In the late 19th century

c)

In the mid-20th century

d)

In the early 21st century

96.

Match the following civilizations/historical figures to their marine science contributions

a)

Phoenicians

1.

Started sailing the Med.

b)

Romans

2.

Developed the basic water cycle.

c)

Vikings

3.

Got to North America first.

d)

Magellan

4.

Attempted to circumnavigate the earth.

e)

Capitan Cooke

5.

Found a cure for scurvy.

97.

The Polynesians were known for traveling across open oceans in what type of boats?

a)

Long oar ships

b)

Large Trifold sailing ships

c)

Dug out canoe ships

d)

Catamarans

98.

First culture to use mathematical equations when determining distances and relational travelling

a)

Polynesians

b)

Europeans

c)

Phoneceans

d)

Greeks

99.

One main difference between ROV's and AUV's are that ROV's are

a)

steered by a person continuously.

b)

not tethered.

c)

able to get continuous data.

100.

Name of the famous marine researcher that design tested underwater living chambers in the 1970's as well as who we watched a movie on

a)

Lamont

b)

Charles Darwin

c)

Frans Ferdinand

d)

Jacques Cousteau

101.

How does a chronometer help us understand the oceans?

a)

Keeping accurate time helps us know latitude

b)

Keeping accurate time lets us know when dinner is

c)

Keeping accurate time lets us know longitude

d)

Keeping accurate time let us know when we are on the equator

102.

What does SONAR stand for?

a)

Sound, Navigation, and Ranging

b)

Sound, Nautical, and Radar

c)

Signal, Navigation, and Radar

d)

Signal, Nautical, and Ranging

103.

What technology supported the drift theory by mapping ocean ridges?

a)

Radar

b)

GPS

c)

Echo sounders

d)

Satellites

104.

Who is considered the father of oceanography and wrote the first textbook on Oceanography "The Physical Geography of the Sea"?

a)

Ben Franklin

b)

Jack Trieste

c)

Matthew Maury

d)

Charles Darwin

105.

A map of the seafloor (or the bottom of any body of water) is called a...

a)

Contour map

b)

Mercator map

c)

Bathymetric Map

d)

topographic map

106.

What is one significant challenge in mapping the ocean floor?

a)

Limited technology

b)

The vastness of the ocean

c)

Difficulties in accessing deep-sea environments

d)

All of the above

107.

What feature is characterized by underwater mountains with a peak or flat top?

a)

Mid-ocean Ridge

b)

Seamount

c)

Abyssal Plain

d)

Continental Shelf

108.

Which type of sediment includes materials from outer space?

a)

Terrigenous

b)

Biogenous

c)

Hydrogenous

d)

Cosmogenous

109.

What type of seafloor feature is a steep-sided underwater valley?

a)

a. Submarine Canyon

b)

b. Seamount

c)

c. Continental Rise

d)

d. Mid-ocean Ridge

110.

What is the primary source of biogenous sediment?

a)

a. Volcanic ash

b)

b. Eroded land particles

c)

c. Marine organism shells

d)

d. Chemical precipitates

111.

How do scientists map the ocean floor using satellites?

a)

a. By measuring the temperature of the water

b)

b. By observing the surface of the water

c)

c. By tracking sea level changes

d)

d. By analyzing gravity variations

112.

Which seafloor feature is characterized by a gently sloping land area along the edges of continents?

a)

a. Continental Shelf

b)

b. Abyssal Plain

c)

c. Mid-ocean Ridge

d)

d. Trench

113.

Which type of beaches are characterized by large rocks and boulders?

a)

sandy beaches

b)

rocky beaches

c)

gravel beaches

d)

pebble beaches

114.

What type of sand is commonly found on sandy beaches?

a)

limestone sand

b)

silica sand

c)

quartz sand

d)

volcanic sand

115.

What is the process by which sediment is transported along the shoreline called?

a)

tidal wave

b)

coastal erosion

c)

beach nourishment

d)

longshore drift

116.

What type of beaches are formed by volcanic activity?

a)

white sand beaches

b)

black sand beaches

c)

pink sand beaches

d)

pebble beaches

117.

Which type of beaches are more likely to have pebbles and cobbles?

a)

Beaches that are closer to their source material.

b)

Beaches that are farther from their source material.

118.
What is this
a)
Sea cave
b)
Sea stack
c)
Sea arch
d)
Headland
119.

Identify the landform type.

a)

Sea Stack

b)

Sea Stump

c)

Arch

d)

Bay

120.

What coastal defence can be seen in this image?

a)

Groin

b)

Sea wall

c)

Gabions

d)

Revetments

121.

These structures are usually built around an inlet to prevent sand from filling the waterway.

a)

breakwater

b)

groin

c)

jetties

d)

seawall

122.

Which statement best describes beaches?

a)

Beaches change little over time as wind patterns stay the same.

b)

Beaches change little over time as waves follow the same patterns year after year.

c)

Beaches are always changing due to factors such as waves adding and eroding sand.

d)

Beaches change over time as waves move further up the shore.

123.

What is the stretch of sand shown in this photo called?

a)

a headland

b)

a sand bar

c)

a tombolo

d)

a sand spit

124.

What creates longshore current?

a)

Which way the rip current is moving

b)

The direction that the majority of boats are moving in

c)

The angle at which the swash washes onto the beach

d)

The depth in the surf zone

125.

What creates sand bars, sand spits, and tombolos?

a)

slack currents

b)

rip currents

c)

ocean gyres

d)

longshore currents

126.

What is the origin of this sediment? These are tiny shells called "tests." 

a)

Lithogenous 

b)

Biogenous 

c)

Hydrogenous

d)

Cosmogenous

127.

Manganese nodules are considered to be:

a)

hydrogenous sediments.

b)

lithogenous sediments.

c)

biogenous sediments.

d)

cosmogenous sediment.

128.

if more than 30% of an area's sediment is made up of biogenous particles, it is called a(n)

a)

ooze

b)

slush

c)

mud

d)

silt

129.

Small, solid pieces of materials from rocks or living things

a)

sediment

b)

clastic rock

c)

organic rock

d)

deposition

130.

Match the following

a)

Lithogenous

1.

Derived from the breakdown of rocks

b)

Biogenous

2.

Derived from the remains of living organisms

c)

Cosmogenous

3.

Derived from outer space

d)

Hydrogenous

4.

Derived from water chemistry

131.

Sediments made from microscopic shells that settle to the bottom when the organisms that produced them die are called

a)

biogenous sediments.

b)

hydrogenous sediments.

c)

manganese nodules.

d)

terrigenous sediments.

132.

Beach deposits are an example of

a)

hydrogenous sediment.

b)

cosmogenous sediment.

c)

biogenous sediment.

d)

lithogenous sediment.

133.

Which of the following is a significant source of terrigenous sediments found in marine environments?

a)

A) Volcanic eruptions

b)

B) River discharge

c)

C) Coral reef erosion

d)

D) Deep-sea hydrothermal vents

134.

What is the name for the structures that protect mainland beaches from erosion by waves and storms?

a)

Rift Zones

b)

Inlets

c)

Barrier Islands

d)

Rip tides

135.

A landform that is always found along the shoreline of a body of water. It is usually made up of loose particles, such as sand and rock. What is this landform?

a)

A fault line

b)

Beach

c)

An ocean ridge

d)

A canyon

136.

A severe storm would be most likely to damage a coastal area by causing________?

a)

Erosion

b)

Earthquakes

c)

Pollution

d)

Volcanoes

137.

Which feature is located between the offshore and the foreshore?

a)

Beach Terrace

b)

Surf Zone

c)

Beach Face

d)

Trough

138.

What is the term for the area where waves break before reaching the shore?

a)

Beach Face

b)

Surf Zone

c)

Beach Terrace

d)

Offshore

139.

Which region of a beach is typically affected by both high and low tides?

a)

Dunes

b)

Foreshore

c)

Backshore

d)

Offshore

140.

Which region of a beach is typically the most stable and least affected by daily tides?

a)

Offshore

b)

Foreshore

c)

Backshore

d)

Dunes

141.

Which feature is formed by the cutting action of storm waves?

a)

Sand Dune

b)

Winter Berm

c)

Summer Berm

d)

Scarp

142.

Where are you walking when you are wading in the ocean?

a)

Ocean Trench

b)

Abyssal Plain

c)

Continental Slope

d)

Continental Shelf

143.

What technology uses sound waves to measure ocean depth?

a)

a. Radar

b)

b. Sonar

c)

c. Lidar

d)

d. Satellite imaging

144.

What is the primary source of biogenous sediment?

a)

a. Volcanic ash

b)

b. Eroded land particles

c)

c. Marine organism shells

d)

d. Chemical precipitates

145.

A map of the seafloor (or the bottom of any body of water) is called a...

a)

Contour map

b)

Mercator map

c)

Bathymetric Map

d)

topographic map

146.

What answer choice best describes a unit of depth in the ocean that is commonly used in countries using the English system of units?

a)

bathymetry

b)

sounding

c)

fathom

d)

echo sounder

147.

What answer choice best describes a device that transmits sound from a ship to the ocean floor?

a)

bathymetry

b)

sounding

c)

fathom

d)

echo sounder

148.

What is the difference between a guyot and a seamount?

a)

Guyots are rounded, seamounts are not.

b)

Seamounts are rounded, guyots are not.

c)

Seamounts have been weathered by wave and becomes a guyot, a cone shaped volcano.

d)

Seamounts are cone shaped volcanoes, and biologically, that would scientifically confirm that there is no difference.

149.
If a marine scientist wanted to study the depth of the ocean at a particular point, what is the best method for them?
a)
Side Scan Sonar
b)
Multibeam Sonar
c)
Plumb line
d)
Satellite 
150.
If a marine scientist wanted to closely identify an object on the ocean floor, what is the best method for them?
a)
Side Scan Sonar
b)
Multibeam Sonar
c)
Plumb line
d)
Satellite 
151.

What answer choice best describes a measured depth of water beneath a ship? (From Chapter 3.1)

a)

bathymetry

b)

sounding

c)

fathom

d)

echo sounder

e)

ping

152.

When was the echo sounder (sonar) invented?

a)

1920s

b)

1800s

c)

2000s

d)

1950s

153.

What marks the seaward edge of the continental shelf?

a)

Continental slope

b)

Abyssal plains

c)

Submarine canyons

d)

Continental rise

154.

During a marine biology expedition, researchers discovered a type of sediment that comprises shells and skeletons of marine organisms. What is this type of sediment called?

a)

Biogenous sediment

b)

Terrigenous sediment

c)

Volcanic sediment

d)

Hydrogenous sediment

155.

When a wave crashes against the summit of an underwater mountain, it causes the peak to flatten. What seafloor feature is this?

a)

guyot

b)

atoll

c)

island

d)

seamount

156.

Why does the “zero” depth line start at the top of the scale? (*select all that apply)

a)

because you are measuring meters below the sea surface

b)

It means the graph starts at a shore or a coast and begins at sea level.

c)

distance is measured in kilometers

d)

graphs always start at 0

157.

What is the deepest depth shown on the graph?

a)

-10,000 m

b)

-10,000 km

c)

300 km

d)

350 km

158.

What is the deepest depth shown on the graph?

a)

-10,000 m

b)

-10,000 km

c)

300 km

d)

350 km

159.

what seafloor feature might this graph represent?

a)

deepsea trench

b)

rocky coastline

c)

open-ocean

d)

underwater volcano

160.

What does SCUBA stands for?

a)

Self Controlled Underwater Breaking Apparatus

b)

Self Controlled Underwater Breathing Apparatus

c)

Self Contained Underwater Breaking Apparatus

d)

Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus

161.

What does AUV stand for?

a)

Autonomous Underwater Vehicle

b)

Autonomous Above-Water Vehicle

c)

Autoparts Underwater Vehicle

d)

Automatic Underwater Vessicle