NEW
Font size
WorksheetsReview of Respiration System in Mammals and Poultry
Total questions: 19
Worksheet time: 10mins
In birds, which structure listed in the diagram is unique to their respiratory system compared to mammals and aids in continuous airflow through the lungs?
Trachea
Bronchioles
Air sacs (e.g., abdominal, thoracic, cervical)
Alveoli
Which of the following is listed as a common disorder affecting the respiratory system?
Hypertension
Asthma
Diabetes Mellitus
Osteoporosis
Which drug class is specifically listed for treating cough in the overview diagram of respiratory system drugs?
Adrenergic β antagonists
Corticosteroids
Dextromethorphan
Ipratropium
Which statement best describes a general mechanism by which respiratory drugs exert their effects?
They increase bronchial smooth muscle contraction to narrow airways
They relax bronchial smooth muscles to improve airflow
They block oxygen diffusion across alveoli
They stimulate mucus production to trap pathogens
Which combination best describes the immediate physiological changes leading to bronchial constriction in asthma?
Bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, decreased mucus secretion
Bronchial smooth muscle contraction, inflammation of the bronchial walls, and increased mucus secretion
Alveolar dilation with reduced surfactant
Pulmonary capillary vasodilation without mucus change
A patient experiences daily bronchoconstriction. Based on the treatment schema, which regimen is most appropriate to initiate?
Agonist β2 inhalation only
Inhale cromoline
Inhale glucocorticoids; add oral glucocorticoids, using alternate-day oral therapy to minimize systemic side effects
Reserve all corticosteroids and use short-acting bronchodilators exclusively
Which route of respiratory drug administration delivers the drug directly to the airway and is effective at doses that do not cause significant systemic effects?
Oral
Parenteral
Inhalation
Transdermal
Which statement best describes a key pharmacologic property of β2 adrenergic agonists used in respiratory care?
They are potent bronchodilators that relax smooth muscle.
They primarily provide anti-inflammatory effects.
They have an onset of action greater than 1 hour.
They should never be combined with other therapies.
Which inhaled adrenergic agonist in the table has the longest duration of action, and what is its typical onset time?
Salmeterol; onset 45–60 minutes
Albuterol; onset 15–30 minutes
Isoproterenol; onset < 15 minutes
Terbutalin; onset < 15 minutes
Which statement best describes a key anti-inflammatory effect of inhaled corticosteroids on the lungs?
They directly relax airway smooth muscle to cause bronchodilation.
They decrease the number and activity of macrophages, eosinophils, and T lymphocytes involved in airway inflammation.
They increase mucosal edema to protect the airway lining.
They prevent absorption in the intestine by avoiding first-pass metabolism.
Which corticosteroid is specifically listed as an option for both IV and IM administration?
Beclomethasone
Hydrocortisone
Flunisolide
Deoxycorticosterone
Triamcinolone
Which long-term effect of corticosteroid use is directly linked to a negative calcium balance disorder?
Hypertension
Osteoporosis
Peptic ulcer
Euphoria
Which statement best describes the mechanism of action of anticholinergic drugs in the airways?
They stimulate β adrenergic receptors to relax airway smooth muscle.
They inhibit contraction of airway smooth muscle regulated by the vagus nerve and mucus secretion.
They increase mucus secretion to lubricate the airways.
They directly block histamine release from mast cells.
Which statement best describes a key risk associated with theophylline therapy?
It has a wide therapeutic range, making overdose unlikely.
Overdose may cause seizures and arrhythmias due to its narrow therapeutic range.
It is not absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, reducing systemic effects.
It has no significant drug interactions.
Which statement best explains the mechanism leading to symptoms in allergic rhinitis?
Mast cells release histamine, leukotrienes, and chemotactic factors after IgE-mediated allergen interaction, causing mucosal edema and cellular infiltration
Direct toxic injury from allergens destroys nasal epithelium without immune involvement
Bacterial colonization of the nasal mucosa triggers neutrophil-mediated pus formation
Vasoconstriction of nasal vessels reduces mucus production and alleviates congestion
Which statement best describes the role of intranasal cromoline in allergic rhinitis management?
It provides rapid relief of nasal obstruction when inhaled.
It is most useful when administered before contact with allergens.
It reduces systemic effects compared with oral alpha-adrenergic agonists.
It blocks H2 receptors to decrease histamine release.
Which statement best differentiates codeine/hydrocodone/hydromorphone from dextromethorphan in cough management?
Both primarily increase respiratory secretions to reduce cough frequency
Opioids decrease cough center sensitivity and mucosal secretion at doses lower than analgesic doses, while dextromethorphan suppresses cough center response without analgesic potential
Dextromethorphan acts as a bronchodilator, whereas opioids function as decongestants
Opioids stimulate the respiratory center in the medulla, while dextromethorphan reduces protrusion of swollen epithelium
Which agent is classified as a mucolytic expectorant because it breaks the disulfide bonds of exudate glycoproteins?
Ipecacuanha
Sodium acetylcysteine
Eucalyptus oil
Ammonium iodide
Which statement best distinguishes a direct-acting antitussive from centrally acting opium alkaloids?
Direct-acting agents suppress the cough center in the medulla, while opium alkaloids coat the mucosa.
Direct-acting agents coat the mucosa (e.g., demulcents like syrup and honey) and can suppress afferent sensors such as lung stretch receptors (e.g., benzonatate), whereas opium alkaloids act centrally (e.g., codeine, morphine).
Opium alkaloids reduce mucus viscosity at the airway surface, while direct agents increase intestinal absorption.
Opium alkaloids are non-sedating and non-constipating, while direct agents commonly cause addiction.
