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WorksheetsTranquilizers and Sedatives
Total questions: 68
Worksheet time: 34mins
Which drug class produces a calming and anxiolytic effect by blocking dopamine receptors but does not provide analgesia?
Phenothiazines
Benzodiazepines
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists
Guaifenesin
Phenothiazines used perioperatively include which example?
Acepromazine (Promace)
Diazepam (Valium)
Atipamezole (Antisedan)
Guaifenesin (Gecolate)
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists produce sedation primarily by which mechanism?
Blocking dopamine receptors
Inhibiting release of norepinephrine
Enhancing GABA activity
Blocking nerve impulses
Which of the following is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist?
Yohimbine (Yobine)
Tolazoline (Toalzine)
Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor)
Midazolam (Versed)
Which statement best describes the perioperative uses of tranquilizers and sedatives in veterinary anesthesia?
They primarily provide analgesia and increase anesthetic dose requirements.
They induce sedation, cause muscle relaxation, provide restraint, and reduce amounts of anesthetic agents needed.
They stimulate the central nervous system to prevent respiratory depression.
They are only used postoperatively to reverse anesthesia.
Which alpha-2 adrenergic agonist is commonly used in large animals and known by the trade name Rompun?
Medetomidine (Domitor)
Xylazine
Diazepam
Zolazepam
Identify the correct pairing between drug class and representative examples.
Phenothiazines
Acepromazine (Promace)
Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists
Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor), xylazine
Benzodiazepines
Diazepam (Valium), midazolam (Versed), zolazepam (Telazol, Tilzolam)
Guaifenesin
Guilazin, Gecolate
Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists
Atipamezole (Antisedan), yohimbine (Yobine), tolazoline (Toalzine)
Which drug class is specifically noted to reverse the effects of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists?
Phenothiazines
Benzodiazepines
Alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists
Guaifenesin
Which of the following is an alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist?
Romifidine (Sedivet)
Atipamezole (Antisedan)
Dexmedetomidine (Dexdomitor)
Zolazepam (Telazol)
Benzodiazepines primarily provide which effects in veterinary anesthesia?
Analgesia and deep sedation
Mild to moderate skeletal muscle relaxation and amnesia
Cardiac stimulation and bronchodilation
Reversal of alpha-2 agonists
Which list contains only benzodiazepines?
Diazepam, midazolam, zolazepam
Acepromazine, dexmedetomidine, xylazine
Atipamezole, yohimbine, tolazoline
Guaifenesin, acepromazine, romifidine
Guaifenesin is best described as which of the following?
An alpha-2 agonist used for sedation only
A sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant that blocks nerve impulses
A dopamine antagonist that provides analgesia
A benzodiazepine that causes amnesia
What is a common clinical use of guaifenesin in anesthetic practice?
Reversing benzodiazepine effects
Facilitating endotracheal intubation and easing induction and recovery
Providing potent analgesia for surgery
Treating cardiac arrhythmias
Which alpha-2 adrenergic agonist is paired with the correct trade name Sedivet?
Romifidine
Dexmedetomidine
Medetomidine
Xylazine
Which statement correctly contrasts phenothiazines and benzodiazepines?
Both primarily provide analgesia.
Phenothiazines block dopamine receptors causing calming effects without analgesia; benzodiazepines provide muscle relaxation and amnesia.
Phenothiazines are antagonists of alpha-2 receptors; benzodiazepines are agonists.
Phenothiazines facilitate intubation; benzodiazepines reverse alpha-2 agonists.
Which statement best describes the typical purpose of anesthetic induction agents in veterinary anesthesia?
To provide long-term pain control during recovery
To facilitate passing an endotracheal tube so inhalant anesthetics can maintain general anesthesia
To replace inhalant anesthetics entirely for maintenance
To reverse the effects of premedications
Dissociative anesthetics typically cause which combination of effects?
Hypnosis with profound respiratory depression
Catalepsy, amnesia, and mild analgesia
Muscle relaxation with bradycardia
Seizure activity and hypertension
Which physiologic change is most characteristic of dissociative anesthetics?
Decreased heart rate and blood pressure with marked respiratory depression
Increased heart rate and blood pressure with minimal respiratory depression
No cardiovascular effects with severe respiratory depression
Profound hypotension and cyanosis
Which agent is classified as a dissociative anesthetic?
Thiopental (Pentothal)
Etomidate (Amidate)
Ketamine (e.g., Ketaset, VetaKet, Vetalar)
Propofol (e.g., Rapinovet, PropoFlo)
Tiletamine is a component of which combination products mentioned for dissociative anesthesia?
Alfaxan Multidose IDX
Telazol and Tilzolam
Rapinovet and PropoFlo
Pentothal
Propofol is best described as which of the following?
A long-acting oral hypnotic that antagonizes GABA
A short-acting IV hypnotic sedative that binds to and stimulates inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA
A neuroactive steroid with minimal cardiovascular effects
A CNS stimulant used to reverse anesthesia
Which adverse effect profile is associated with propofol?
Minimal cardiovascular effects and mild respiratory depression
Short-lived but profound adverse cardiovascular effects and significant respiratory depression and cyanosis
No respiratory depression and increased blood pressure
Severe long-lasting hypotension with no change in respiration
Match each anesthetic induction agent with its key characteristic.
Etomidate (Amidate)
Short-acting injectable that modulates action of GABA; minimal cardiovascular effects
Alfaxalone (Alfaxan variants)
Neuroactive steroid producing hypnosis and muscle relaxation via GABA modulation; minimal cardiopulmonary effects
Barbiturates (e.g., thiopental)
CNS depressants used as anticonvulsants, anesthetics, and euthanasia solutions; can cause potent cardiovascular and respiratory depression
Which statement accurately describes etomidate?
A long-acting barbiturate with potent respiratory depression
A short-acting injectable that modulates the action of GABA and produces minimal cardiovascular effects
A dissociative anesthetic causing catalepsy and hypertension
A neuroactive steroid used primarily for muscle relaxation with no GABA activity
Alfaxalone is characterized by which mechanism and effect profile?
Stimulates glutamate receptors; severe cardiopulmonary depression
Modulates GABA as a neuroactive steroid; produces hypnosis and muscle relaxation with minimal cardiovascular and respiratory effects
Blocks acetylcholine; causes bradycardia and bronchoconstriction
Antagonizes GABA; increases blood pressure
Which of the following is included among barbiturates used in anesthesia?
Pentothal (thiopental)
Telazol
PropoFlo
Amidate
What is a notable risk when using barbiturates for anesthesia?
Severe hypertension without respiratory effects
Potent cardiovascular and respiratory depression
No CNS depressant activity
Guaranteed muscle relaxation with zero side effects
Which induction agent class is most associated with catalepsy and amnesia?
Barbiturates
Propofol
Dissociative anesthetics
Etomidate
Which product names are associated with propofol preparations listed in the material?
Ketaset, VetaKet, Vetalar
Alfaxan Multidose IDX, Alfaxan Multidose
Rapinovet, PropoFlo, PropoFlo 28, Propovan
Telazol, Tilzolam
Which induction agent is most appropriate when minimal cardiovascular effects are desired?
Propofol due to profound adverse cardiovascular effects
Etomidate because it produces minimal cardiovascular effects
Barbiturates because they have no cardiovascular impact
Dissociatives due to strong hypotension
Which statement best describes inhalant anesthetic agents in clinical use?
They are solids at room temperature and provide strong analgesia
They are usually liquids at room temperature and are used to induce and maintain general anesthesia
They are gases at room temperature and primarily used for local anesthesia
They are liquids at room temperature and provide long-lasting postoperative pain relief
Inhalant anesthetics are also commonly referred to as which of the following?
Intravenous anesthetics
Volatile anesthetics or gas anesthetics
Local analgesics
Neuromuscular blockers
Which is a correct statement about analgesia with inhalant anesthetics?
They reliably provide analgesia
They provide mild analgesia only in humans
They do not provide analgesia
Analgesia depends solely on MAC value
Select the typical administration routes for inhalant anesthetic agents.
Endotracheal tube (ETT)
Common route for controlled ventilation
Supraglottic airway device
Alternative airway device placed above the glottis
Fitted facemask
Face-applied interface for spontaneous breathing
Induction chamber
Box used to induce anesthesia in small animals
What occupational risk is associated with the use of inhalant anesthetics?
Exposure to waste anesthetic gas (WAG)
High risk of electrical burns
Radiation exposure
Latex allergy development
Vapor pressure of an inhalant anesthetic is best defined as:
The measure of oxygen concentration in the breathing circuit
The measure of the tendency for molecules in the liquid state to enter the gaseous state
The minimum concentration needed to produce analgesia
The solubility of the gas in blood
Why are drugs with high vapor pressure considered volatile?
They have low MAC values
They are highly soluble in blood
They readily exist as a gas
They cause strong analgesia
Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is defined as the:
Highest alveolar concentration preventing movement in 50% of patients
Lowest alveolar concentration preventing movement in response to noxious stimuli in 50% of patients
Average blood concentration causing unconsciousness
Dose required to achieve analgesia in all patients
MAC is primarily used to:
Estimate gas solubility in blood
Compare the relative potency of inhalant anesthetic agents
Predict risk of WAG exposure
Measure ventilatory compliance
Gas solubility in blood for inhalant anesthetics is expressed as which parameter?
Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)
Blood-gas partition coefficient (BGPC)
Oil-gas partition coefficient
End-tidal CO2
Match each inhalant anesthetic to one of its brand examples.
Isoflurane
IsoFlo, Isosol, Aerrane
Sevoflurane
SevoFlo, Petrem, Flurovess, Ultane
Desflurane
Suprane
Which list correctly identifies the class characteristics of the named inhalant agents?
Flammable, non-halogenated, intravenous agents
Nonflammable, halogenated, inhalant anesthetic agents
Local anesthetics used for nerve blocks
Nonvolatile, water-soluble sedatives
Which statement about sevoflurane is accurate based on the material?
It is a flammable, non-halogenated gas
It is listed as a nonflammable, halogenated inhalant anesthetic with brands such as SevoFlo and Ultane
It provides analgesia through high BGPC
It is administered only via IV routes
Identify the parameter that compares anesthetic potency among inhalants and the parameter that expresses solubility in blood.
Potency comparison parameter
Minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)
Blood solubility parameter
Blood-gas partition coefficient (BGPC)
Clinical endpoint for MAC
Prevention of movement to noxious stimuli in 50% of patients
Which combination correctly pairs an anesthetic with one of its brand names?
Isoflurane — Suprane
Desflurane — Aerrane
Sevoflurane — SevoFlo
Isoflurane — Ultane
Which statement best describes the mechanism of action of local anesthetic drugs?
They enhance neurotransmitter release at synapses.
They block nerve conduction at the site of administration or application.
They stimulate the spinal cord to increase pain perception.
They dilate blood vessels to reduce inflammation.
Select the typical methods by which local anesthetics are administered.
Oral tablets only
Local infiltration, application to corneal or mucous membranes, epidural or intrathecal injection, and regional nerve blocks
Intravenous infusion exclusively
Transdermal patches only
Match each anesthetic category to its key characteristic.
Amides
Very stable, metabolized in liver, predominantly nonallergenic
Esters
Shorter duration of action, highly allergenic
Amide examples
Lidocaine, bupivacaine, ropivacaine, mepivacaine
Which of the following is an amide local anesthetic?
Proparacaine
Tetracaine
Bupivacaine
Alcaine
Which statement about ester local anesthetics is correct?
They are predominantly nonallergenic and have long durations of action.
They have shorter durations of action and are highly allergenic.
They are metabolized in the liver and very stable.
They are only used for intrathecal injection.
Identify the correct pairing of drug and its category.
Lidocaine — ester
Ropivacaine — amide
Proparacaine — amide
Mepivacaine — ester
Which list contains only ester local anesthetics cited in the material?
Proparacaine and tetracaine
Lidocaine and bupivacaine
Ropivacaine and mepivacaine
Lidocaine and proparacaine
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is known as the "fight-or-flight" system and increases heart rate, respiratory rate, blood flow to muscles, decreases GI function, and causes pupillary dilation?
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Somatic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Which division of the autonomic nervous system is described as homeostatic, normalizing heart rate and respiratory rate and returning GI function and pupil size to normal?
Sympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system
Central nervous system
Somatic nervous system
In the parasympathetic nervous system, which neurotransmitter is identified as the only neurotransmitter?
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Anticholinergic drugs are used to counteract which parasympathetic effects caused by surgical manipulation?
Hypertension and tachycardia
Bradycardia and AV block
Hyperthermia and hypotension
Bronchoconstriction and edema
Which of the following is an example of an anticholinergic drug mentioned in the material?
Atropine (Atrocare and generic)
Dobutamine (generic)
Norepinephrine (Levophed)
Vasopressin (Vasostrict)
Which of the following is also listed as an anticholinergic drug?
Glycopyrrolate (Robinul)
Epinephrine
Alpha-adrenergic antagonist
Dopamine (generic)
Match each autonomic division with its primary description.
Sympathetic nervous system
Fight-or-flight; increases HR, RR, blood flow to muscles; decreases GI; dilates pupils
Parasympathetic nervous system
Homeostatic; normalizes HR and RR; returns GI function and pupil size to normal
Anticholinergic drugs
Counteract parasympathetic effects such as bradycardia and AV block
Adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system include which set of receptor types?
Alpha-1, beta-3, gamma-2
Alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, beta-2
Alpha-2, beta-2, muscarinic
Muscarinic M1, M2, nicotinic
Alpha-adrenergic antagonists (α-blockers) primarily promote which physiological effect?
Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure
Bronchodilation and tachycardia
Vasodilation and decrease in blood pressure
Increased GI motility and pupil constriction
Adrenergic drugs mimic the effects of which endogenous compounds and can cause a sympathetic response?
Acetylcholine
Catecholamines
Histamines
Serotonin
What is inotropy as defined in the material?
Cardiac electrical conduction speed
Cardiac contraction force
Heart rate variability
Vascular resistance
Inotropes work primarily by stimulating which receptors?
Muscarinic receptors
Alpha-adrenergic receptors
Beta-adrenergic receptors
Dopamine receptors only
Which of the following is an inotropic agent commonly used in anesthetized patients, according to the material?
Atropine
Dobutamine
Glycopyrrolate
Alpha-1 blocker
Select the drug correctly matched to its trade name as listed.
Norepinephrine — Vasostrict
Vasopressin — Levophed
Epinephrine — Robinul
Norepinephrine — Levophed
Which list includes only agents identified as inotropes commonly used in anesthetized patients?
Dobutamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, ephedrine, vasopressin, epinephrine
Atropine, glycopyrrolate, ephedrine, vasopressin
Alpha-1 blockers, muscarinic agonists, epinephrine
Dopamine, acetylcholine, atropine
Barbiturates are an example of which type of anesthetic?
Local anesthetic
Autonomic nervous system drug
Inhalant anesthetic agent
Anesthetic induction agent
