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WorksheetsRAD 4101 X-ray Production Worksheet
Total questions: 93
Worksheet time: 47mins
Which of the following accounts for the x-ray beam's heterogeneity?
a. Incident electrons interact with the outer shell of tungsten target atoms
Energy differences among incident electrons
Electrons moving to fill different shell vacancies
In the production of characteristic radiation at the tungsten target, the incident electron:
gets absorbed in the nucleus
gets absorbed in the inner shell
ejects an inner shell electron
gets absorbed in the outer shell
In the production of Bremsstrahlung radiation, the incident electron:
Ejects an inner shell tungsten electrons
Ejects an outter shell tungsten electron
is deflected with resulting energy increase
is deflected with resulting energy loss
Which of the following occurs during Bremsstrahlung radiation production?
an electron approaching a positive nuclear charge changes direction and loses energy
An electron makes a transition from an outer to an inner electron shell
a high energy photon eject an outer shell electron
A low energy photon ejects an inner shell electron
The types of radiation produced at the target is/are
Photoelectric
Characteristic
Bremsstrahlung
1 only
1 & 2 only
2 & 3 only
1, 2 & 3
Characteristic x-rays are produced when:
High speed electrons move from outer to inner shell of tungsten nucleus
High speed electrons move from inner to outer shell of tungsten nucleus
The transition of orbital electrons from outer to inner shells gives rise to characteristic radiation
Both a and c
An inner shell electron is removed from the tungsten target, it is attracted to the positive nucleus and decelerated. In the process, it is decelerated and comes to rest. This results in:
Characteristic radiation
Bremsstrahlung radiation
Photoelectric effect
Compton effect
Which of the following types of primary radiation cannot be produced at tube potentials less than 70 kVp?
Characteristic radiation
Bremsstrahlung radiation
Photoelectric effect
Compton effect
Sudden stopping of projectile electron is slowed down or deflected by the nucleus of tungsten atom. This results in:
Characteristic radiation
Bremsstrahlung radiation
Photoelectric effect
Compton effect
Which type of radiation is produced when a high speed electron is slowed down or deflected by the nucleus of tungsten atom?
Characteristic
Bremsstrahlung
Extra
Scattered
The discrete portion of the x-ray emission spectrum would change position with a change in ________.
kVp
mAs
target material
filtration
How does added filtration affect the emission spectrum?
Bow shaped
Increased amplitude and a shift to the right
Increased amplitude and a shift to the left
Decreased amplitude and a shift to the left
At the end of the characteristic cascade, the ________ shell is missing an electron.
innermost
K
outermost
characteristic
If mass is expressed in kilograms and distance per second, kinetic energy will be expressed in:
Joules
Electron volts
Ergs
Newtons
The efficiency of the production of x-ray is about:
1%
10%
50%
100%
The sufficiency of the x-ray spectrum increases with:
A decrease in atomic number
An increase in atomic number
A decrease in voltage
An increase in voltage
Useful characteristic x-rays are produced in:
K-shell electron
L-shell electron
M-shell electron
N-shell electron
An electron moving from a higher to a lower energy level in the atom of the target material will produce:
Characteristic x-rays of the target material
Characteristic x-rays of the tube
Characteristic x-rays of the cathode
Characteristic x-rays of the anode
Characteristic x-rays of the filament
The target material in most x-ray tubes is:
Lead
Tungsten
Copper
Molybdenum
Silver
The energy of characteristic x-rays is determined by:
Energy of the projectile electron
Atomic number of target material
Voltage waveform
Filament current
Tube current
Characteristic x-rays are produced when:
Projectile electron is slowed by the nucleus
Projectile electron ionizes a K shell electron
Projectile electron bounces off the nucleus
Projectile electron excites a K shell electron
Projectile electron excites an L shell electron
An increase in mA at constant kVp will:
Affect characteristic x-ray energy
Affect characteristic x-ray quantity
Affect characteristic x-ray wavelength
Affect characteristic x-ray frequency
Affect characteristic x-ray speed
When tungsten characteristic x-rays are produced at K shell, the energy may have:
12 keV
59 keV
68 keV
75 keV
96 keV
According to the table on page 103, higher-energy characteristic x-rays are produced from molybdenum than from tungsten. The energy of the highest characteristic x-ray from molybdenum is:
15 keV
17 keV
19 keV
22 keV
24 keV
When characteristic x-rays are produced, the energy of the projectile electron must be at least:
10 keV
20 keV
30 keV
40 keV
50 keV
Gold is sometimes used as a target material in special x-ray tubes. The energy of its highest characteristic x-ray would be produced with ionization at:
70 kV
81 kV
92 kV
96 kV
100 kV
The efficiency of x-ray production is:
Dependent on tube current
Dependent on tube voltage
Dependent on target material
Dependent on speed of electrons
Independent of tube voltage
The efficiency of x-ray production is:
1%
5%
10%
15%
20%
The most useful bremsstrahlung x-ray is produced by:
10 kVp bremsstrahlung x-ray
100 kVp bremsstrahlung x-ray
500 kVp bremsstrahlung x-ray
1000 kVp bremsstrahlung x-ray
None of the above
Which of the following elements yields the most useful bremsstrahlung x-ray?
M
N
O
K
None of the above
The loss in kinetic energy by an incident electron as it passes near the nucleus of a target atom is given off as:
Characteristic x-ray
Bremsstrahlung x-ray
Photoelectric effect
Compton effect
None of the above
When a bremsstrahlung x-ray is produced, the energy of the x-ray is:
A result of electron binding energy
A result of electron kinetic energy
A result of electron rest mass
A result of electron charge
None of the above
In the production of bremsstrahlung x-rays, the target electron is:
The outer-shell electron
The inner-shell electron
The nucleus
The incident electron
None of the above
The maximum energy of the bremsstrahlung x-ray is equal to:
The binding energy of the K-shell electron
The kinetic energy of the incident electron
The rest mass energy of the electron
The energy of the characteristic x-ray
Max x-ray as c
Bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced only at:
Energies below 60 kVp/80 mA
Energies above 60 kVp/80 mA
All energies
Only at characteristic x-ray energies
None of the above
If hydrogenlike atoms are used, bremsstrahlung x-rays have energies:
Less than the x-ray energy
Greater than the x-ray energy
Equal to the x-ray energy
Characteristic x-ray energy
None of the above
The efficiency of bremsstrahlung x-ray tube increases with:
Lower atomic number
Higher atomic number
Remains unchanged
Decreases with atomic number
None of the above
The intensity of bremsstrahlung x-rays:
Increases with increasing kVp
Decreases with increasing kVp
Remains unchanged
Is not affected by kVp
None of the above
When a bremsstrahlung x-ray is emitted:
A projectile electron is removed from the atom
A K-shell electron is removed from the atom
The target atom is ionized
Results from the conversion of kinetic energy
None of the above
The wavelength of an x-ray:
Increases with increasing projectile electron energy
Decreases with increasing projectile electron energy
Is not affected by projectile electron energy
Is not affected by frequency
None of the above
Characteristic x-rays are produced:
Only at specific energies
At all energies
Only at low energies
Only at high energies
None of the above
The efficiency of x-ray production:
Increases with increasing atomic number
Decreases with increasing atomic number
Remains unchanged
Is not affected by atomic number
None of the above
The intensity of bremsstrahlung x-rays:
Increases with increasing kVp
Decreases with increasing kVp
Remains unchanged
Is not affected by kVp
None of the above
When a bremsstrahlung x-ray is emitted:
A projectile electron is removed from the atom
A K-shell electron is removed from the atom
The target atom is ionized
Results from the conversion of kinetic energy
None of the above
When a projectile electron enters a target atom and is removed from the atom:
It increases the velocity
It increases the force field
It removes an innershell electron
It removes an outershell electron
The target atom is ionized
If a 50 keV projectile electron undergoes a single interaction and loses all its kinetic energy in the process, what is the maximum energy of the x-ray that will be emitted?
50 keV x-ray will be emitted.
A 30 keV x-ray will be emitted.
A 10 keV x-ray will be emitted.
An x-ray of arbitrary energy will be emitted.
When a projectile electron undergoes bremsstrahlung interaction, what is the maximum amount of kinetic energy it can lose?
It can lose up to one-half of its kinetic energy.
It can lose up to one-fourth of its kinetic energy.
It can lose up to all of its kinetic energy.
It loses a fixed amount of kinetic energy.
An increase in the efficiency and the number of bremsstrahlung x-rays produced:
Increases the efficiency of characteristic x-ray production.
Increases the number of characteristic x-rays produced.
Reduces the efficiency of characteristic x-ray production.
Reduces the number of characteristic x-rays produced.
The area under the curve of the x-ray emission spectrum primarily represents which of the following?
The total energy of x-rays
The total number of x-rays
The average energy of x-rays
The maximum energy of x-rays
The minimum energy of x-rays
Normally, the x-ray emission spectrum contains:
Only characteristic x-rays
Only Bremsstrahlung x-rays
Only photoelectric and Compton x-rays
Both characteristic and Bremsstrahlung x-rays
Only difference x-rays
Which of the following factors does not explain the low energy portion of the x-ray tube spectrum?
The KVA
The mA
The added filtration
The target material
The exposure time
The x-ray emission spectrum represents:
The binding energy of the target atoms
The number of electrons emitted from the x-ray tube
The energy distribution of x-rays emitted from the x-ray tube
The characteristic x-ray energies
The total x-ray beam energy
The x-ray emission spectrum is affected by all of the following except:
The KVA
The mA
The added filtration
The target material
The photoelectric effect
The x-ray emission spectrum contains:
The energies of the electrons
The characteristic and Bremsstrahlung x-rays
The photoelectric and Compton x-rays
The total x-ray beam energy
The x-ray tube current
Both the shape and the position of the continuous x-ray spectrum depend on:
Acceleration of the projectile electrons
Energy of the projectile electrons
Energy difference between nuclear energy levels
Most of the energy contained in the continuous x-ray spectrum is emitted as:
Heat
X-rays
Gamma rays
The number of x-rays emitted at each energy in the continuous spectrum depends on:
Number of electrons striking the target
Number of protons in the target
Number of neutrons in the target
The amplitude of the continuous x-ray spectrum is a plot of:
Number of x-rays versus energy
Number of electrons versus energy
Number of protons versus energy
If an x-ray tube is operated with filtration, the spectrum:
Is unchanged with filtration
Is changed with filtration
Is changed with voltage
If an x-ray tube is operated at 70 kV, the minimum wavelength x-ray would have an energy of:
70 keV
35 keV
140 keV
Which of the following x-ray intensity is low energy x-ray filtered from the spectrum?
Characteristic x-rays
Continuous x-rays
Low energy x-rays
Characteristic x-ray emission spectrum contains peaks at:
Specific x-ray energies
Random x-ray energies
Continuous x-ray energies
In order to construct an x-ray emission spectrum, you need to know:
X-ray frequency
Energy interval
Target element and filtration
If the operating voltage of an x-ray tube is increased, the x-ray emission spectrum would be most increased at:
Maximum frequency
Minimum wavelength
Maximum wavelength
When comparing the emission spectra of molybdenum and tungsten, the tungsten target will have the characteristic x-ray with the:
Lowest HVL
Most penetrating x-ray
Highest electron kinetic energy
The speed under the x-ray emission spectrum is controlled by:
HVL
Projectile electron kinetic energy
mAs
The total number of positive ions created per unit mass by x-ray emission is expected to be:
Fixed
Limited
Unlimited
When the accelerating potential is reduced, as x-ray energy is reduced, the minimum wavelength of the emitted x-ray is:
increased
reduced
unchanged
proportional to energy
inversely proportional to energy
The wavelength of the x-ray is:
determined by the number of target atoms
determined by the number of projectile electrons
determined by the energy of the projectile electrons
proportional to energy
inversely proportional to energy
The product of Planck's constant (h) and the velocity of light (c) has units of:
J
J/s
J/m
eV
J·m
The product of Planck's constant (h) and the velocity of light (c) equals:
12.4 × 10³ eV·m
12.4 × 10⁻³ keV·m
12.4 keV·m
12.4 × 10⁻⁶ eV·m
12.4 × 10⁻⁶ keV·m
If one knows the minimum wavelength of an x-ray emission spectrum, one can calculate the value of:
The energy of the projectile electron
The energy of the target electron
The thickness of the target
The area of the target
That region of the x-ray emission spectrum that is independent of the target material is called the:
Characteristic x-ray
Projectile electron
Bremsstrahlung x-ray
Photoelectric effect
The relationship of minimum wavelength to maximum projectile-electron energy is sometimes called the:
Planck’s constant
Planck’s law
Duane-Hunt law
Quantum theory of Planck
Minimum wavelength is related to:
The target material
The energy of the projectile electron
The thickness of the target
The area of the target
If one knows the minimum wavelength of an x-ray emission spectrum, one can calculate the:
Projectile-electron energy
Photoelectric effect
Characteristic x-ray
Minimum thickness
Which of the following figures represents the x-ray emission spectrum?
a
b
c
d
To calculate the value of minimum x-ray wavelength, one should know the value of:
kVp
mA
Time
Filtration
Which of the following statements applies to increasing the kVp?
Affects the amplitude of the emission spectrum.
Affects the position of the emission spectrum.
Increases the number of x-rays produced.
Increases the minimum wavelength.
Increases the maximum energy of x-rays.
An increase in mAs affects the amplitude of the x-ray emission spectrum.
True
False
Which of the following affects the minimum wavelength of the x-ray emission spectrum?
mAs
Added filtration
kVp
Target material
Distance
Which of the following factors primarily affects the amplitude of the x-ray emission spectrum?
kVp
mA
Target material
Filtration
Voltage waveform
Which of the following factors primarily affects the position of the discrete emission spectrum?
kVp
mA
Target material
Filtration
Voltage waveform
Which of the following factors primarily affects the position of the continuous emission spectrum?
kVp
mA
Target material
Filtration
Voltage waveform
The density of an x-ray exposure is affected by which of the following factors?
kVp
mA
Target material
Filtration
Voltage waveform
Which of these curves represents an exposure made at the highest kVp?
A
B
C
All are equal
None of the above
Of the three curves represented in the diagram, which was produced at the highest mA?
A
B
C
All are equal
None of the above
Of the three spectra in the diagram, which is more penetrating than B?
A
B
C
A and C
None of the above
The effect of added filtration on the x-ray emission spectrum would be to:
Shift it to the left
Shift it to the right
Increase the amplitude
Decrease the amplitude
Shift it slightly to the left
The effect of increasing the target atomic number on the x-ray emission spectrum would be to:
Shift it to the left
Shift it to the right
Increase the amplitude
Decrease the amplitude
Shift it slightly to the left
How would the x-ray emission spectrum change if the voltage waveform were changed from single-phase to three-phase?
Shift it to the left
Shift it to the right
Increase the amplitude
Decrease the amplitude
Shift it slightly to the left
How would the characteristic x-ray spectrum change if the kVp were increased?
Decrease
Increase
Shift to the left
Shift to the right
Shift slightly to the right
How would the emission spectrum be affected by decreasing the energy of the characteristic radiation?
Remain the same, but the amplitude would be higher.
Remain the same, but the amplitude would be lower.
Shift to the right, and the amplitude would be higher.
Shift to the right, and the amplitude would be lower.
Shift to the left, and the amplitude would be lower.
