Which of the following major component of the bone marrow is considered as the hematopoietically inactive marrow?

Which of the following major component of the bone marrow has the ability of reverting back to active marrow in cases of increased demand on the bone marrow (examples: excessive blood loss and hemolysis)?

Which of the following major component of the bone marrow is composed of adiposytes?

(the process of replacing the active marrow with adipocytes or yellow marrow) which eventually results in restriction of active marrow to Vertebrae Proximal end of large bones Skull Ileac crest Sternum Ribs

What is the largest cell in the bone marrow?

Synthesizes new bone matrix

Has a characteristic “waterbug/comet” appearance.

The largest secondary lymphoid organ in the body.

Major organ in the body in which antibodies are synthesized and from which they are released into the circulation

an increased incidence of bacterial sepsis caused primarily by S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, and H. influenzae due to splenectomy is often seen in?

less adverse effects, although it leads to some increase in blood-borne bacterial infections or bacteremia as a result of splenectomy is often seen in?

solid tumor neoplasm of lymphoid tissue

-removal of the spleen

-enlargement of the spleen

– to detect and respond to antigens in the respiratory and alimentary secretions

clusters of lymphocytes distributed in the lining of the small intestine; detect substances that diffuse across the intestinal epithelium

general term for the unencapsulated lymphoid tissues present in regions underlying the mucosal areas

Vital but not essential for life and functions as an indiscriminate filter of the circulating blood

Which of the following can maintain hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells to generate various blood cells (a process called extramedullary hematopoiesis) as a response to infectious agents or in pathologic myelofibrosis of the bone marrow?

Contains about 20 – 40 mL of blood.

Serves as the major site of blood cell production during the second trimester of fetal development.

Maintains HSCs and progenitor cells to produce blood cells (extramedullary hematopoiesis) as a response to infectious agents or in pathologic myelofibrosis of the bone marrow.

Located along the lymphatic arteries that are parallel to but are not part of the circulatory system

Located along the lymphatic arteries that are parallel to but are not part of the circulatory system

Serves as a site of lymphocyte proliferation; involved in the initiation of specific immune response to foreign antigen; filtering particulate matter, debris, and bacteria entering the lymph node via the lymph.

Lymph node outer region; involves primary follicles, secondary follicles (follicles with germinal centers (foci of activated B cell proliferation)

Inner region; cords is consist of plasma cells and B cells

Located between the cortex and the medulla; contains predominantly T cells and numerous macrophages

Utilized for the analysis of individual cell morphology

Spread as a smear on a slide, stained, and examined for hematologic or systemic disease

Disturbs the bone marrow architecture.

The marrow is removed intact without disturbing the bone architecture (cylinder of gelatinous red marrow)

A cylinder of gelatinous red marrow (fixed in formalin, sectioned, stained, and studied for hematologic or systemic disease)

Provides a better picture of the real structure of bone marrow.

Used for analysis of bone marrow architecture

In marrow differential, recommended number of cells counted is at least?

In marrow differential, preferred number of cells counted is at least?

Preferred sites for Bone marrow ASPIRATION In ADULTS

Preferred site for Bone marrow ASPIRATION in children <2 years old

Occurs MAINLY in the liver and spleen (hepatomegaly and/or splenomegaly often accompany this)

Occurs under the following conditions: 1. When bone marrow becomes dysfunctional such as in aplastic anemia, infiltration by malignant cells, or overproliferation of a cell line (for example, leukemia) 2. When bone marrow is incapable of meeting the demands placed on it (as observed in hemolytic anemias)

✓ Blood cell production outside the bone marrow

-In healthy adult individuals, the M:E ratio varies from roughly

In leukemia, the M:E ratio is

Classical marker of hematopoietic stem cells:

Hematopoiesis red to start around the ___ day of embryonic development after fertilization

Bone marrow smears are retained for how many years?

indicators of “loss of stemness”

EARLIEST IDENTIFIABLE HUMAN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS (HSCs

Cells are phagocytized with subsequent degradation of cell organelles

Splenic macrophages remove inclusions or damaged surface membrane from circulating RBCs

Platelet and leukocyte counts temporary effect upon performing splenectomy

Which type of splenic tissue is composed primarily of vascular sinuses separated by cords of reticular cell meshwork (cords of Billroth)? This creates a spongelike matrix that functions as a filter for blood passing through the region. As RBCs pass through, there is a decrease in blood flow, leading to stagnation

introduced the stochastic model of hematopoiesis (states that HSCs randomly commit to self-renewal or diUerentiation).

suggests that the microenvironment in the bone marrow determines whether the HSC will self-renew or diUerentiate.

states that HSCs randomly commit to self-renewal or differentiation

The best source of active marrow from a 20 year old would be:

When a patient has severe anemia and the bone marrow is unable to effectively produce red blood cells to meet the increased demand, one of the body’s responses is:

States that all blood cells are derived from a single progenitor stem cell called a “pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell”.

Suggests that each blood cell lineage is derived from its own unique stem cell.

What is the most widely accepted theory among experimental hematologists?

Which hematopoietic development phase include yolk sac as the site of hematopoiesis?

Which hematopoietic development phase include liver as the site of hematopoiesis?

Which hematopoietic development phase include bone marrow as the site of hematopoiesis?

Which hematopoietic development phase begins at around the 19th day of embryonic development?

Which hematopoietic development phase begins at 5 to 7 gestational weeks (1st month)?

Which hematopoietic development phase begins between the fourth and fifth month of fetal development?

Which hematopoietic development phase involve yolk sac erythroblasts; and production of hemoglobin Gower-1, Gower-2, and Portland needed for delivering oxygen to rapidly developing embryonic tissues?

Which hematopoietic development phase involve Primitive Erythroblasts (PE); important in early embryogenesis to produce hemoglobin (Gower-1, Gower-2 and Portland) necessary for delivery of oxygen to the embryonic tissues?

Which hematopoietic development phase differs from hematopoiesis that occurs later (fetal and adult stage) in that it occurs intravascularly (within developing blood vessels)

1st blood cells: Primitive erythroblasts formed during the first 2 to 8 weeks of life

Spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes contribute in which phase of hematopoiesis?

Which of the following produce B cells?

– contains developing erythroid, myeloid, lymphoid, and megakaryocytic cells

Considered to be a primary lymphoid organ with functions equivalent to that of Bursa of Fabricius (birds)

Capable of generating around 2.5 billion RBCs, 1 billion granulocytes and 2.5 billion platelets

Which of the following is not a hematopoietic organ in a normal person?

between ___ years of age, adipocytes become more abundant and start to occupy the spaces in the long bones previously dominated by active marrow

The bone marrow becomes the chief site of hematopoiesis by the end of ___ weeks’ gestation.

Which hematopoietic development phase is characterized by recognizable clusters of developing erythroblasts, granulocytes, and monocytes colonizing the fetal liver, thymus, spleen, placenta, and bone marrow?

Which hematopoietic development phase begins megakaryocytes production?

Which hematopoietic development phase involve Hemoglobin F (Fetal hemoglobin) as the predominant hemoglobin?

Which hematopoietic development phase becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis by the end of 24 weeks of gestation?

Which hematopoietic development phase involve messenchymal cells that differentiate into structural elements that support developing hematopoietic elements like stromal cells and reticular adventitial cells?

Which hematopoietic development phase has the myeloid-to-erythroid ratio that gradually approaches 3:1 to 4:1 in healthy adult levels?

Hb F (Fetal hemoglobin) is the predominant hemoglobin during this phase

Warming the skin puncture site increases the blood flow by

Puncture the finger _ to fingerprint

Most common gauge with length of

What is the most common cause of needle puncture?

RBC lifespan in premature neonate

RBC lifespan in term neonate

RBC lifespan in adult

MEMBRANE LIPIDS Inner layer:

MEMBRANE LIPIDS Outer layer:

Increased distribution on outer layer of senescent RBCs and serves as a receptor that macrophages bind to, leading to increased RBC death.

Present in both layers:

confers tensile strength on the lipid bilayer. As it rises, the membrane gains strength but loses elasticity.

M & N antigen

Ss antigen

Gerbich antigens

Function: Provides lateral or horizontal membrane stability

Transmembrane protein that regulates the influx of water into the RBC in response to osmotic changes.

The erythrocytes’ membrane is

Erythrocyte membrane is .. to Na+ , K+ , and Ca2+

Erythrocyte membrane is .. to water, HCO3 - , and Cl

Horizontal interaction defect that inhibits the membrane’s ability to rebound from deformation Ultimately, the RBCs progressively elongate to form visible elliptocytes, which causes a mild to severe hemolytic anemia

Autosomal dominant mutations that lead to too few vertical anchorages to maintain membrane stability. This leads to reduced surface area-to-volume ratio and the formation of spherocytes.

aka hereditary hydrocytosis

The RBC membrane is excessively permeable to sodium and potassium.

A.K.A. Hereditary xerocytosis

The RBC membrane is excessively permeable to potassium.

The collective term for anemia caused by shortened RBC survival because of enzyme deficiencies in glycolysis.