A place where people build homes and live together.

A group of people who live in cities and have organized government, religion, writing, and technology.

Trading goods without using money.

Soft, rich soil left behind after rivers flood. Silt made the land great for farming.

Extra food or supplies.

A person who buys and sells goods. They traded things like grain, cloth, and pottery.

A long time with little or no rain.

A tool used to turn over soil before planting seeds. It helped farmers prepare their fields.

To plant seeds in the ground.

A special plow that planted seeds while turning the soil. It saved farmers time and work.

A large, flat area of land.

A new idea or invention that makes life easier.

Hard to find or in short supply.

A city and the land around it that act like an independent country. Each had its own ruler and gods.

A wall of dirt built along a river to stop floods.

The study of Earth’s land, water, and weather.

A way of bringing water to dry land using canals or ditches. Irrigation helped crops grow even when it didn’t rain.

Man-made waterways that move water from rivers to farms. Canals helped farmers water their crops.

Land that is rich and good for growing crops.🌾