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WorksheetsChapter 17 (Respiratory System)
Total questions: 93
Worksheet time: 47mins
Which of the following is not a respiratory organ?
Larynx
Diaphragm
Bronchi
Nose
Which of the following does not directly assist in the exchange of gases between blood and the air?
Thin walls of the alveoli
Thin walls of the capillaries in the lung
Viscosity of the respiratory mucosa
Alveolar surface area
Which of the following is not part of the upper respiratory tract?
Trachea
Larynx
Pharynx
Nose
Which of the following is not part of the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea
Larynx
Bronchi
Lungs
The respiratory mucosa
helps trap contaminants found in inspired air.
acts as a thin barrier between the blood capillaries and alveoli.
helps humidify inspired air.
both A and C.
Another term for nostrils is
nasal cavities
nasal septum
external nares
internal nares
Which of the following bones does not contain a paranasal sinus?
Ethmoid
Mandible
Maxilla
Frontal
Which structure does not drain into the nasal cavity?
Ethmoid sinus
Eustachian tube
Frontal sinus
Lacrimal sacs
Which of the following is not a subdivision of the pharynx?
Tracheopharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Which structure is not a part of the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal cords
Epiglottis
Eustachian tube
Cartilage is a component of all of the following except
primary bronchi.
secondary bronchi.
bronchioles.
trachea.
The movement of air into and out of the lung is called
cellular respiration.
external respiration.
internal respiration.
pulmonary ventilation.
The exchange of gases between the cells and the blood is called
cellular respiration.
external respiration.
internal respiration.
pulmonary ventilation.
The use of oxygen for cell metabolism is called
cellular respiration.
external respiration.
internal respiration.
pulmonary ventilation.
The exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood is called
cellular respiration.
external respiration.
internal respiration.
pulmonary ventilation.
The two phases of pulmonary ventilation are
inspiration and expiration.
external respiration and internal respiration.
external respiration and cellular respiration.
internal respiration and cellular respiration.
External respiration requires a higher oxygen concentration in the _____ than in the _____.
blood; lungs
blood; cells
cells; blood
lungs; blood
Internal respiration requires a higher oxygen concentration in the _____ than in the _____.
blood; lungs
blood; cells
cells; blood
lungs; blood
The amount of air that can be forcibly taken in after normally inhaling is called _____ volume.
tidal
residual
inspiratory reserve
expiratory reserve
Which volume of air is not included in the vital capacity?
Tidal volume
Residual volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
The two most important respiratory control centers for regulating breathing are located in which part of the brain?
Medulla
Pons
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Chemoreceptors that help regulate breathing can be found in the
medulla oblongata.
carotid artery.
aorta.
both B and C.
Normal breathing is referred to as
apnea.
dyspnea.
eupnea.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
Labored or difficult breathing is referred to as
apnea.
dyspnea.
eupnea.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
Critically ill patients often experience a repetitive cycle of alternating hyperventilation and apnea called
apnea.
dyspnea.
eupnea.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration.
Besides air distribution and gas exchange, the respiratory organs
facilitate the sense of olfaction.
filter inhaled air.
warm inhaled air.
all of the above.
The shelflike structures that protrude into the nasal cavity on each side are called
nasal septa.
conchae.
turbinates.
both B and C.
The vocal cords are found in the
larynx.
oropharynx.
laryngopharynx.
trachea.
Croup is a type of
rhinitis.
pharyngitis.
laryngitis.
epiglottitis.
All of the following are true of the trachea except
it is lined with a respiratory mucosa that produces mucus that continuously moves upward.
its framework is composed of 15 to 20 C-shaped cartilage rings.
it is also called the windpipe.
All of the above are true of the trachea.
A collapse or incomplete expansion of a lung for any reason is called
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Atelectasis
Pleurisy
Which is a broad term to describe conditions of progressive, irreversible obstruction of expiratory airflow?
Asthma
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Structure, also known as the windpipe, that connects the larynx and bronchi
Pharynx
Trachea
Larynx
Bronchi
A thin layer of tissue that separates the air in the lungs from the blood in the lung capillaries
Respiratory mucosa
Respiratory membrane
Pleura
Alveoli
Structures in which gas exchange between the blood and air in the lungs takes place
Alveoli
Bronchioles
Bronchi
Lung
Structure to which the auditory tubes from the middle ear lead; also called the throat
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Pleura
Tubes that branch from the trachea and contain cartilage as part of their structure
Bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Larynx
A thin membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs
Respiratory mucosa
Pleura
Lung
Pharynx
A membrane that lines most of the tubes of the air distribution system
Respiratory mucosa
Respiratory membrane
Pleura
Trachea
Structure that the primary bronchi enter
Larynx
Lung
Alveoli
Pharynx
Structure that contains the vocal cords
Pharynx
Trachea
Larynx
Bronchi
Small air distribution tubes that have walls without cartilage
Bronchioles
Bronchi
Alveoli
Trachea
The amount of air moved in and out of the lung during normal breathing
Vital capacity
Tidal volume
Residual volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
The movement of air into and out of the lungs
Pulmonary ventilation
External respiration
Internal respiration
Ventilation–perfusion ratio
How most of the oxygen is carried in the blood
Dissolved in plasma
As oxyhemoglobin
As bicarbonate ion
Bound to albumin
Prevent damage to the lung from overinflation by inhibiting inspiration
Chemoreceptors
Pulmonary stretch receptors
Alveolar macrophages
Baroreceptors
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lung
Internal respiration
External respiration
Cellular respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the tissues
External respiration
Internal respiration
Pulmonary ventilation
Diffusion capacity
Structures that stimulate an increase in breathing when there is too little oxygen in the blood, too much carbon dioxide in the blood, or a drop in pH in the blood
Baroreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Stretch receptors
Inflammation or swelling of the nasal mucosa
Pharyngitis
Rhinitis
Epistaxis
Epiglottitis
A life-threatening condition caused by a lack of surfactant in the lung that affects premature infants
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Atelectasis
Chronic bronchitis
Asthma
A broad term used to describe conditions of progressive, irreversible obstruction of expiratory airflow
Asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Emphysema
Bronchitis
A life-threatening upper respiratory infection caused by a Hib infection that often strikes children between the ages of 3 and 7
Rhinitis
Pharyngitis
Epiglottitis
Epistaxis
A chronic inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles
Chronic bronchitis
Atelectasis
Hemothorax
Asthma
An incomplete expansion or collapse of a lung for any reason
Pneumothorax
Atelectasis
Epistaxis
Rhinitis
Another term for a sore throat
Pharyngitis
Rhinitis
Laryngitis
Epiglottitis
An obstructive disorder characterized by recurring spasms of the smooth muscle of the walls of the bronchial air passages
Asthma
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Chronic bronchitis
Atelectasis
Another term for a nosebleed
Epistaxis
Rhinitis
Hemothorax
Pharyngitis
Refers to blood in the pleural space
Pneumothorax
Hemothorax
Hemoptysis
Pleural effusion
What is the respiratory membrane? Why is it so important that this membrane be thin?
It is the ciliated lining of bronchi; thinness prevents mucus buildup
It is the fused alveolar and capillary walls where gas exchange occurs; thinness facilitates rapid diffusion
It is the pleural sac around the lungs; thinness allows lung expansion
It is the diaphragm; thinness enables contraction
What structures are included in the upper respiratory tract? In the lower respiratory tract?
Upper: nose, pharynx, larynx
Upper: trachea, bronchi, alveoli
Lower: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs
Lower: nasal cavity and pharynx
What is the respiratory mucosa?
A serous membrane covering the lungs
A ciliated mucous membrane lining most air distribution tubes that traps debris and adds moisture
The epithelial lining of alveoli for gas diffusion
The fibrous capsule of the trachea
Explain the function of the cilia that line the respiratory air distribution system. Explain the effect of cigarette smoking on the cilia and why the smoke is particularly harmful to the smoker.
Cilia move mucus toward the pharynx; smoking paralyzes and damages cilia, reducing clearance of contaminants
Cilia secrete surfactant; smoking increases surfactant and improves clearance
Cilia exchange gases; smoking blocks oxygen binding to hemoglobin
Cilia aid swallowing; smoking stimulates ciliary motion
Briefly describe the structure of the nose. Describe the paranasal sinuses and their function.
External nose of cartilage and bone with nasal cavity; paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces in skull bones that lighten the skull and resonate voice
Nose is a single cartilage tube; paranasal sinuses are lymph nodes that filter air
Nose is muscular; paranasal sinuses are blood-filled to warm air
Nose is bony only; paranasal sinuses are glands that secrete enzymes
Describe the structure of the pharynx. Explain its role in equalizing the pressure across the eardrum.
Muscular tube behind nasal and oral cavities; auditory tubes open into nasopharynx to equalize middle-ear pressure with atmospheric pressure
Ciliated tube in larynx; vocal cords equalize pressure
Cartilaginous ring; sinuses open to equalize pressure
Elastic sac below trachea; equalizes alveolar pressure
Explain why the number of tonsillectomies has dropped in recent years.
Tonsils play immune roles and are removed less often unless recurrent infection or obstruction occurs
Tonsils have no function and are rarely infected
Surgery is banned
Antibiotics cannot treat tonsil infections
Describe the structure of the larynx. What is the function of the epiglottis?
Cartilaginous structure containing vocal cords; epiglottis covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing to prevent aspiration
Muscular tube for smell; epiglottis amplifies sound
Bony ring of trachea; epiglottis produces mucus
Elastic sac for air storage; epiglottis exchanges gases
Describe rhinitis. What are some of its causes?
Inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by infections, allergens, or irritants
Inflammation of the larynx due to voice overuse only
Collapse of lung tissue from trauma only
Accumulation of blood in pleural space
What is pharyngitis?
Inflammation of the pharynx causing sore throat
Inflammation of the nasal cavity
Inflammation of the larynx
Inflammation of the pleura
What is laryngitis? What is epiglottitis? Who is most at risk for these, and what are the symptoms?
Laryngitis is inflammation of the larynx; epiglottitis is inflammation of the epiglottis often in young children; symptoms include hoarseness for laryngitis and acute sore throat with airway obstruction risk for epiglottitis
Laryngitis is nasal inflammation; epiglottitis is lung collapse; adults are most at risk; symptoms are only cough
Both are infections of the pleura; elderly only at risk; symptom is chest pain
Laryngitis is ear infection; epiglottitis is sinusitis; teens most at risk; symptom is tinnitus
Describe the structure of the trachea.
Flexible tube reinforced by C-shaped cartilage rings with ciliated mucosa
Solid bone tube with smooth lining
Muscular tube without cartilage
Elastic sac lined with squamous epithelium only
Describe the structure and location of the primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, and bronchioles.
Primary bronchi branch from the trachea to each lung; secondary bronchi branch to lobes; bronchioles are smaller branches lacking cartilage
Primary bronchi arise from alveoli; secondary bronchi exit the pleural cavity; bronchioles are larger than bronchi
Primary bronchi are muscular only; secondary bronchi have vocal cords; bronchioles contain C-shaped rings
All are parts of the upper respiratory tract only
During a severe asthma attack, the bronchioles narrow but the bronchi do not narrow nearly as much. Explain why you would expect this to be the case.
Bronchioles lack supporting cartilage and have more smooth muscle, so they constrict more; bronchi have cartilage that resists narrowing
Bronchioles are supported by rigid rings that prevent constriction; bronchi lack cartilage
Bronchi contain the most smooth muscle and constrict more
Both bronchi and bronchioles lack smooth muscle
Explain how the structure of the alveoli increases the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs.
Large surface area, very thin respiratory membrane, and rich capillary network speed diffusion
Thick multilayered walls with little blood flow slow diffusion to prevent oxygen toxicity
Ciliated epithelium and abundant mucus trap particles to enhance oxygen binding
Cartilaginous support rings keep airways rigid to maximize airflow turbulence
What is the cause of infant respiratory distress syndrome, who is most at risk, and how is it treated?
Deficiency of pulmonary surfactant in premature infants; treated with exogenous surfactant and ventilatory/CPAP support
Bacterial pneumonia in full‑term newborns; treated only with broad‑spectrum antibiotics
Airway malformation in term infants of diabetic mothers; treated with surgical repair
Excess surfactant in post‑term infants; treated by diuretics
Air passing through the upper respiratory tract must overcome some resistance to get to the lung. If an injury caused an opening in the chest wall, what mechanisms promote a possible pneumothorax?
Loss of negative intrapleural pressure allows air to enter the pleural cavity and elastic recoil of the lung causes collapse
Increased surfactant secretion expands alveoli and seals the pleural space
Bronchoconstriction forces more air into the alveoli, preventing collapse
Ciliary action drives air into the pleural space during inspiration
Explain the process of normal inspiration.
Diaphragm contracts and descends, external intercostals elevate ribs, thoracic volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure falls below atmospheric, and air flows into the lungs
Diaphragm relaxes and ascends, internal intercostals depress ribs, thoracic volume decreases, intrapulmonary pressure rises, and air flows out
Explain the process of normal expiration.
Passive elastic recoil as the diaphragm and external intercostals relax decreases thoracic volume, raising intrapulmonary pressure so air flows out
Active contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals increases thoracic volume, lowering pressure and forcing air out
Explain the difference between normal inspiration and expiration and the type of inspiration and expiration that would be needed to blow up a balloon in as few breaths as possible.
Balloon inflation uses forced inspiration with accessory muscles and forced expiration using internal intercostals and abdominal muscles, unlike the mostly passive quiet breathing
Balloon inflation is achieved best by quiet breathing with minimal muscle use to conserve energy
Balloon inflation requires breath‑holding after a shallow inspiration to prevent recoil
Balloon inflation uses only diaphragm contraction without involvement of any accessory muscles
Explain the process of gas exchange in the lung.
Oxygen diffuses from alveolar air into pulmonary capillary blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into the alveoli down their partial‑pressure gradients
Carbon dioxide diffuses from alveoli to blood while oxygen diffuses from blood to alveoli against their gradients
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are actively transported across the respiratory membrane by ATP‑dependent pumps
Gas exchange in the lung occurs primarily in the bronchioles via bulk flow
Explain the process of gas exchange in the tissues.
Oxygen diffuses from systemic capillary blood into tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses from tissues into blood down partial‑pressure gradients
Oxygen diffuses from tissues to blood while carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to tissues
Gases are actively pumped across tissue membranes using ATP
Gas exchange in tissues is prevented by the blood‑brain barrier
Carbon monoxide has a much higher affinity for hemoglobin than does oxygen. Why does this make exposure to carbon dioxide so dangerous?
Carbon monoxide outcompetes oxygen for hemoglobin binding, reducing oxygen transport and causing tissue hypoxia even when oxygen levels are normal
Carbon dioxide binds hemoglobin more tightly than oxygen and forms insoluble crystals in red blood cells
Carbon monoxide increases the production of surfactant, collapsing alveoli
Carbon dioxide directly destroys alveolar type II cells, preventing gas exchange
Explain the role of the medulla oblongata and the pons in regulating respiration.
Medullary centers set the basic rhythm of breathing; pontine (pneumotaxic and apneustic) centers modify the rate and depth
The pons initiates every breath while the medulla only controls coughing
Both structures only regulate voluntary breath‑holding
They regulate only heart rate and have no effect on breathing
Explain the role of the cerebral cortex in regulating respiration.
Allows voluntary control of breathing for activities such as speaking, singing, and breath‑holding, though homeostatic centers can override it
Maintains the automatic rhythm of breathing at all times with no brainstem input
Controls only the Hering–Breuer reflex
Completely prevents changes in breathing during exercise
Name and explain four types of breathing explained in the chapter.
Eupnea (normal), hyperpnea (increased depth), apnea (cessation), and dyspnea (labored/shortness of breath)
Bradycardia, tachycardia, fibrillation, and heart block
Peristalsis, segmentation, defecation, and mastication
Osmosis, diffusion, filtration, and active transport
Explain the symptoms and causes of pneumonia and tuberculosis.
Pneumonia: infection of alveoli with fluid and inflammation causing cough, fever, dyspnea; Tuberculosis: Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection causing granulomas, chronic cough, weight loss, night sweats
Pneumonia: allergic reaction to pollen with wheezing; Tuberculosis: viral infection causing rhinorrhea
Pneumonia: autoimmune destruction of alveoli; Tuberculosis: genetic defect of cilia
Pneumonia: aspiration of water only; Tuberculosis: exposure to high oxygen levels
Define and give an example of a restrictive pulmonary disorder.
Disorders that reduce lung compliance and limit expansion, such as pulmonary fibrosis
Disorders that increase airway resistance with normal lung compliance, such as asthma
Conditions that only affect the larynx, such as laryngitis
Any disease that elevates blood pressure, such as hypertension
Explain the symptoms and causes of chronic bronchitis.
Chronic productive cough and excess mucus from long‑term airway inflammation, commonly due to smoking or irritant exposure
Sudden airway dilation with clear sputum caused by viral infection only
Alveolar wall destruction with minimal mucus production
Autoimmune attack on surfactant‑producing cells
Describe the conditions of emphysema and asthma.
Emphysema involves destruction of alveolar walls and loss of elastic recoil causing air trapping; asthma is episodic airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction often triggered by allergens or exercise
Emphysema is acute bacterial infection of the bronchi; asthma is collapse of the trachea
Emphysema is excess surfactant; asthma is loss of surfactant
Emphysema is purely restrictive; asthma is a blood disorder
Describe lung cancer. What is the most common cause, and how can it be treated?
A malignant tumor of lung tissue most commonly caused by cigarette smoking; treatment may include surgical resection, chemotherapy, radiation, and targeted therapies
A benign overgrowth caused by viral infection; cured only by antibiotics
A congenital condition present at birth; treated with surfactant replacement
An autoimmune disease; treated only with corticosteroids for a few days
What is the scientific name for the human windpipe?
Trachea
Medulla Oblongata
Adam's Apple
Aorta
