They actually did enjoy the task more because they worked harder

They felt grateful for any payment and this improved their mood

They resolved the discomfort of lying for little money by changing their beliefs

They were trying to impress the experimenter to get future opportunities

Starting with a general theory and making specific predictions about outcomes

Using logical rules to deduce what must be true in all cases

Making specific observations and constructing a broad general theory from patterns

Testing a hypothesis multiple times until it becomes a proven fact

To ensure that research confirms existing theories and doesn't contradict them

To find flaws, alternative explanations, and ensure conclusions are justified

To prevent scientists from making mistakes that would embarrass the institution

To make sure the research is written in language that non-scientists can understand

To gather as much data as possible to support existing theories

To prove theories correct through repeated successful experiments

To find where theories are wrong so they can be improved

To develop theories that are so general they cannot be challenged

The idea must eventually be proven false through experimentation

There must be a potential way to test if the idea is wrong

The idea must be simple enough that anyone can understand it

The idea must be based on observations rather than theoretical reasoning

The theory was completely discarded and replaced with an entirely new one

The researchers concluded their methodology was flawed and repeated the study

The theory was modified to say physiological feedback intensifies but isn't necessary for emotion

The theory was confirmed because emotions can come from the brain alone

Noticing that anxious patients often had overprotective parents and developing a parenting theory

Using attachment theory to predict that secure toddlers will explore new toys more

Observing that children share more after praise and forming a pro-social behavior theory

Interviewing elite athletes and discovering they all use self-talk before competing

A definition that all scientists in a field must agree to use

A precise description of how variables will be measured in a study

A definition that can be changed as the experiment progresses

A theoretical explanation for why a phenomenon occurs

Scientists work in teams to develop theories together in laboratories

One scientist proposes ideas and the community tries to prove them wrong

Scientists must present their work at conferences before publishing it

Research findings must be explained to the general public for validation

People are more helpful when they witness emergencies in groups

The more witnesses to an emergency, the less likely any individual will help

People only help in emergencies when they have been trained to do so

Individuals are equally likely to help regardless of how many people are present

It shows that failed hypotheses must be retested with the exact same methodology

It demonstrates that science is a self-correcting cycle that refines theories over time

It indicates that scientists should keep testing until they get the results they want

It proves that all theories eventually become facts through repeated testing

Deductive reasoning, moving from general principles to specific cases

Falsifiable reasoning, creating testable predictions about memory

Inductive reasoning, moving from specific observations to general theory

Operational reasoning, defining how memory performance should be measured

Evolution has been directly observed in laboratories, so it is actually a fact

The word 'theory' in science means a well-supported explanatory framework, not a guess

Evolution is both a theory and a hypothesis, depending on the context

Scientific theories become facts once they have been tested enough times

Inductive reasoning from observed patterns of social behaviour to general principles

Operational definition to specify how distress will be measured in the study

Deductive reasoning from evolutionary theory to a specific testable prediction

Peer review to ensure that the prediction is scientifically valid