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WorksheetsExam 3 Review
Total questions: 20
Worksheet time: 30mins
Opioid and α₂-adrenergic receptors share which of the following structural or functional characteristics?
Both are G-protein coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclase and decrease neuronal excitability.
Both are ligand-gated ion channels that allow chloride influx and cause neuronal hyperpolarization.
Both are primarily activated by excitatory neurotransmitters such as glutamate.
Both directly open potassium channels without involving intracellular signaling pathways.
Local anesthetics such as lidocaine block nerve conduction by binding preferentially
Closed (resting) sodium channels
AMPA receptors
Open or inactivated sodium channels
GPCR
Which of the following best describes Schedule IV controlled substances under the DEA classification system?
Drugs with no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse
Drugs with an accepted medical use and a low potential for abuse, but misuse may lead to limited physical or psychological dependence
Drugs that may be sold over-the-counter without a prescription
Drugs that require no specific DEA registration or record keeping
A patient receives an opioid analgesic that acts on μ-receptors to produce analgesia.
Which of the following best describes this compound?
An exogenous opioid agonist that mimics endogenous endorphins
An endogenous peptide that modulates pain transmission
A synthetic catecholamine that enhances sympathetic tone
An exogenous opioid antagonist that block μ-receptors
Phenothiazine tranquilizers such as acepromazine are sometimes used for sedation before anesthesia.
Which of the following drugs can be administered to antagonize or reverse the effects of acepromazine?
Atipamezole
Flumazenil
Naloxone
None – acepromazine has no specific reversal agent
Dissociative anesthetics such as ketamine differ from most other injectable anesthetics because they typically:
Produce profound respiratory depression and hypotension
Cause skeletal muscle relaxation similar to benzodiazepines
Have no analgesic propertiesHave no analgesic properties
Cause sympathomimetic effects, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure
Etomidate is unique among injectable induction agents. How so?
Stimulation of sympathetic outflow causing hypertension and tachycardia
It causes dose-dependent respiratory depression
Inhibition of adrenal steroid synthesis leading to cortisol suppression
It's an inexpensive drug
Local anesthetics are divided into two main classes: esters and amides.
Despite their chemical differences, both classes share which features?
They are rapidly metabolized by plasma esterases.
They contain an amide linkage connecting the aromatic ring to the amine group.
They contain both a lipophilic aromatic ring and a hydrophilic amine group.
They are both weak acids
An inhaled anesthetic with a high blood:gas partition coefficient would be expected to have which of the following clinical effects?
More rapid changes in anesthetic depth during surgery
Shorter duration of action and faster elimination
Slower induction and recovery due to greater uptake and storage in blood
Rapidly vaporizes
When performing a local block in infected tissue, why might a veterinarian add sodium bicarbonate to the anesthetic solution?
To neutralize bacterial toxins that degrade the anesthetic.
To increase the anesthetic’s protein binding and prolong its duration.
To raise the pH and increase the proportion of non-ionized drug.
To raise the pH and increase the proportion of ionized drugs
Which opioid is least likely to cause vomiting when administered to dogs?
Fentanyl
Morphine
Hydromorphone
Propofol
Ketamine produces analgesia and dissociative anesthesia through multiple mechanisms.
At which step in the pain pathway does ketamine exert its primary analgesic effect?
Transduction – by reducing nociceptor sensitivity to peripheral stimuli
Transmission – by blocking action potential
Perception – by enhancing GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral cortex to block awareness of pain
Modulation – by inhibiting excitatory NMDA receptor activity in the spinal cord and brainstem
When managing pain in a patient with a head injury, which of the following analgesics should generally be avoided ?
Morphine
Ketamine
Lidocaine
Gabapentin
Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of butorphanol?
Weak μ-opioid receptor agonist and serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Partial μ-opioid receptor agonist and κ-antagonist
κ-opioid receptor agonist and μ-opioid receptor antagonist or partial agonist
Full μ-opioid receptor agonist and NMDA receptor antagonist
Which of the following inhalant anesthetics is most potent, based on MAC value?
Desflurane (MAC ≈ 7%)
Isoflurane (MAC ≈ 1.3%)
Isoflurane (MAC ≈ 1.3%)
Nitrous oxide (MAC ≈ 200%)
Which statement best distinguishes physical dependence from addiction to opioid drugs?
Physical dependence occurs only with long-term abuse, while addiction can develop after a single therapeutic dose.
Physical dependence is a physiologic adaptation resulting in withdrawal signs if the drug is stopped abruptly, whereas addiction involves compulsive drug-seeking behavior and psychological craving.
Addiction is a normal physiologic response to repeated opioid administration, while physical dependence represents a behavioral disorder.
Physical dependence and addiction are interchangeable terms referring to the same phenomenon.
Which of the following drugs or drug classes does not provide analgesia (pain relief)?
Propofol
Ketamine
Opiods
Alpha-2 agonists
Which of the following correctly describes how barbiturates differ from benzodiazepines at the GABA receptor?
Both require GABA and have identical effects on the receptor.
Benzodiazepines can open the chloride channel without GABA, while barbiturates require GABA.
Barbiturates can open the chloride channel even without GABA, while benzodiazepines require GABA to be present.
Barbiturates block chloride channels instead of opening them.
Which local anesthetic has the longest duration of action?
lidocaine
bupivacaine
mepivacaine
Nocita
Rapid intravenous administration of an α₂-adrenergic antagonist s can cause a brief episode of hypotension.
What is the most likely explanation for this effect?
Immediate increase in norepinephrine release causes reflex bradycardia and decreased cardiac output.
Peripheral α₁ receptors are simultaneously blocked, causing widespread vasoconstriction.
Sudden loss of α₂-mediated vascular tone occurs before norepinephrine release recovers, leading to transient vasodilation.
Increased parasympathetic activity directly decreases vascular resistance.
