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WorksheetsLearning Targets 1-3 (Introduction to Skeletal System)
Total questions: 66
Worksheet time: 33mins
Which subdivisions make up the human skeleton?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Thorax and vertebral column
Upper limbs and pelvic girdle
Skull and ribs with sternum
Which structures are part of the axial skeleton?
Skull, vertebral column, thorax
Upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
Joints, tendons, ligaments
Humerus, femur, scapula
Which statement best describes hyaline cartilage in joints?
Glassy cartilage providing smooth, low-friction surfaces
Highly elastic tissue maintaining external ear shape
Dense fibrocartilage resisting extreme compressive forces
Loose connective tissue cushioning synovial membranes
Which function is NOT among the five major functions of the skeletal system?
Regulation of blood glucose levels
Support of body structure
Protection of internal organs
Production of blood cells
How do bones protect softer organs located inside the body?
They surround organs like brain, ribs, thoracic organs
They secrete hormones that harden nearby tissues
They store fat that insulates delicate structures
They attach directly to muscles to form tendons
What are mature bone cells called and where are they located?
Osteocytes located in lacunae
Osteoblasts within periosteum
Chondrocytes in joint capsules
Osteoclasts in Haversian canals
Which structure is the basic functional unit of compact bone?
Trabecula
Osteon
Lacuna
Canaliculus
What do concentric lamellae form around in compact bone?
Periosteum layer
Central canal
Marrow cavity
Perforating canal
Lacunae in bone tissue primarily contain which cells?
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Osteoblasts
Chondrocytes
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals run in which orientation relative to the long axis of the bone?
Diagonal across it
Parallel to it
Perpendicular to it
Spiral around it
Which canals primarily contain blood vessels, nerves, and loose connective tissue in compact bone?
Central (Haversian) canals
Canaliculi channels
Medullary canals
Trabecular tunnels
Which statement best describes trabeculae in spongy bone?
Solid cylinders of matrix
Interconnecting rods or plates
Long parallel sheets
Dense cortical layers
Which feature allows osteocytes to communicate through tiny passages?
Lamellae rings
Canaliculi channels
Marrow sinuses
Sharpey fibers
Circumferential lamellae are found where in compact bone?
Inside the osteon core
Outside the compact bone
Between adjacent osteons
Within trabecular spaces
Which matrix components primarily provide bone flexibility?
Hydroxyapatite crystals
Collagen and proteoglycans
Calcium carbonate salts
Dense mineral lamellae
Woven bone differs from lamellar bone because its collagen fibers are:
Parallel in thin layers
Randomly oriented
Aligned circumferentially
Organized concentrically
Lamellar bone is best characterized as:
Immature disorganized tissue
Mature bone with layered sheets
Elastic fibrous cartilage
Dense bone without osteons
Woven bone commonly appears during which situation?
Adult remodeling only
Fetal development or fracture repair
Aging and osteoporosis
Endochondral ossification completion
In an osteon, lamellae are arranged how relative to the central canal?
Radially intersecting stripes
Circular concentric layers
Irregular trabecular plates
Longitudinal parallel sheets
Which bone shape is defined as thin, flat, and often curved, such as the sternum and ribs?
Short bone type examples like carpals
Flat bone type such as sternum and ribs
Irregular bone type like vertebrae and facial
Long bone type like femur and humerus
In a long bone, what is the diaphysis primarily composed of and where does primary ossification begin?
Spongy bone and secondary center
Compact bone and primary center
Cartilage and articular surface
Fibrous tissue and periosteal layer
What is the function of articular cartilage at the ends of long bones?
Stores yellow marrow in cavity
Reduces friction at joints
Initiates primary ossification
Forms periosteal outer layer
Where is red marrow typically found and what key process occurs there?
Medullary cavity with lipid storage
Spongy bone spaces with hematopoiesis
Articular cartilage with ossification
Diaphyseal cortex with mineralization
Which pair correctly matches tissue to location inside a long bone?
Endosteum lining marrow cavity
Periosteum lining joint cartilage
Articular cartilage lining marrow cavity
Yellow marrow filling spongy bone
What is the technical term for bone formation?
Calcification of matrix
Ossification or osteogenesis
Mineral homeostasis
Chondral remodeling
Which process primarily forms flat bones like the skull and clavicle diaphysis?
Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification
Secondary ossification
Cartilaginous calcification
During intramembranous ossification, which cells differentiate into osteoblasts to begin bone matrix formation?
Chondrocytes from cartilage
Mesenchymal cells in a membrane
Osteoclasts in marrow spaces
Fibroblasts of periosteum
What is the correct sequence early in intramembranous ossification?
Osteoclasts form → osteocytes → trabeculae
Mesenchyme → osteoblasts → osteocytes
Chondroblasts → cartilage → osteocytes
Perichondrium → periosteum → osteoclasts
Which statement best distinguishes endochondral from intramembranous ossification?
Endochondral uses a hyaline cartilage model
Intramembranous starts in epiphyses first
Endochondral bypasses cartilage entirely
Intramembranous relies on chondrocyte hypertrophy
In endochondral ossification, what forms when osteoblasts produce bone on calcified cartilage in the diaphysis?
Secondary ossification center
Primary ossification center
Medullary cavity
Perichondrium layer
Blood vessels invade enlarged lacunae of calcified cartilage during endochondral ossification. What is the main consequence?
Formation of woven trabeculae
Thickening of perichondrium
Decrease in cancellous bone
Halt of osteoblast activity
Which cell type removes bone from the center of the diaphysis to create the medullary cavity?
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts
Chondroblasts
Secondary ossification centers develop in the epiphyses. Which statement is accurate?
They create the medullary cavity
They repeat primary center steps
They begin in the perichondrium
They convert periosteum to cartilage
After initial formation, how is woven bone remodeled to mature lamellar bone?
By osteoclasts only
By osteocytes only
Through coordinated remodeling
Via chondrocyte hypertrophy
Which statement best distinguishes interstitial growth from appositional growth in bone-related tissues?
Interstitial adds matrix on outer surface; appositional adds within
Interstitial occurs in cartilage within tissue; appositional adds to outside
Interstitial only widens bone diameter; appositional lengthens bone
Interstitial involves osteoblasts at periosteum; appositional uses chondrocytes
Where does a long bone grow in length during adolescence?
At the diaphyseal marrow cavity
At the articular cartilage surface
At the epiphyseal plate region
At the periosteum of the shaft
Which sequence correctly lists the first three events during lengthening at the epiphyseal plate?
Cells divide, cells die, osteoclasts digest
Cells calcify, cells hypertrophy, cells divide
Cells divide, cells hypertrophy, cells calcify
Osteoblasts lay bone, cells hypertrophy, cells die
Which zone of the epiphyseal plate contains inactive cartilage cells?
Resting zone
Proliferation zone
Zone of hypertrophy
Zone of calcification
What primarily happens in the proliferation zone of the epiphyseal plate?
Chondrocytes enlarge markedly
Chondroblasts actively divide
Matrix becomes calcified
Osteoclasts digest cartilage
Which event marks the transition to the zone of ossification?
Osteoclasts digest calcified cartilage
Chondrocytes become inactive
Osteoblasts hypertrophy and die
Blood vessels leave the tunnel
Which statement is true about articular cartilage at the epiphyses during growth?
It ossifies during late adolescence
It remains unossified throughout growth
It calcifies before osteons form
It becomes periosteum at maturity
Bones widen primarily through which process and location?
Interstitial growth within cartilage
Appositional growth at periosteum
Endochondral growth in marrow
Intramembranous growth at epiphysis
Which hormone primarily increases absorption of calcium and phosphate for bone?
Calcitriol
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Growth hormone
Which cell resorbs bone to release calcium into the bloodstream?
Osteoclast
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
Myoblast
When blood calcium levels fall, which hormone is released to stimulate osteoclast activity?
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Growth hormone
Thyroid hormone
When blood calcium levels rise, which hormone inhibits osteoclasts to reduce calcium release?
Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Estrogen
Testosterone
During the bone remodeling cycle, which bone type is typically formed first and then replaced?
Woven bone
Lamellar bone
Spongy bone
Compact bone
Which vitamin is necessary for calcitriol synthesis aiding calcium absorption?
Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Vitamin K
Which vitamin stimulates osteoblast activity and supports normal bone growth in children?
Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin C
Vitamin B12
What happens to osteoblasts in response to increased mechanical pull from muscles or fat?
They lay down more matrix
They reduce matrix production
They become osteoclasts
They stop responding to stress
Which condition is defined by reduced bone mass with increased fracture risk, more common in women?
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Osteopetrosis
Rickets
Which disorder involves softening of bone due to decreased calcium content?
Osteomalacia
Osteomyelitis
Scurvy
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Which childhood disorder results from vitamin D deficiency and causes bowed legs?
Rickets
Scurvy
Osteomalacia
Osteopetrosis
Which disorder is a painful bacterial infection that may destroy bone?
Osteomyelitis
Osteoporosis
Osteopetrosis
Heterotopic ossification
Which condition features decreased osteoclast activity, leading to excessive bone mass and deformities?
Osteopetrosis
Osteoporosis
Osteomalacia
Rickets
Which disorder is a genetic defect of collagen resulting in very fragile bones and repeated fractures?
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Osteomyelitis
Scurvy
Osteomalacia
Which term describes ossification of soft tissues outside the normal skeletal system?
Heterotopic bone formation
Osteomalacia
Rickets
Osteomyelitis
If blood calcium is too high, what is the immediate effect in bone tissue?
Calcium is deposited as hard salts
Osteoclasts release more calcium
Parathyroid hormone increases
Woven bone rapidly replaces lamellar
During prolonged inactivity, how do bones typically respond to decreased mechanical stress?
They lose mass and atrophy
They thicken and strengthen
They convert to woven bone
They stop remodeling entirely
Which pair correctly matches hormone with its effect on calcium regulation?
PTH stimulates resorption
Calcitonin stimulates resorption
Estrogen releases calcium
Thyroid hormone blocks resorption
Which sequence best describes the remodeling pathway from initial to mature bone?
Woven then lamellar
Lamellar then woven
Spongy then compact
Compact then spongy
A patient with brittle bones due to lack of vitamin C most likely has which condition?
Scurvy
Rickets
Osteomalacia
Osteopetrosis
Which cell type directly removes calcium from blood by building bone matrix?
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Chondrocyte
Which factor causes osteoclasts to break down bone matrix when calcium is low?
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin hormone
Growth hormone
Vitamin A intake
In a teenager, which hormones most directly accelerate epiphyseal plate ossification?
Estrogens in females
Calcitonin in males
Thyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone
Which immediate action should an athletic trainer expect in bone under increased load during training?
Osteoblasts add more matrix
Osteoclasts halt resorption
Woven bone replaces lamellar
Calcitonin release decreases
