EFFECTS OF APPLIED FORCES: A force along the length of a medium (stretched).

EFFECTS OF APPLIED FORCES: The tension and compression to the cross section of body.

EFFECTS OF APPLIED FORCES: The tension and compression to the cross section of body that resulted to its slippage.

EFFECTS OF APPLIED FORCES: Twisting effect on cross section (torque).

STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM: The highest stress at which the stress-strain curve is a straight line.

STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM: The maximum stress a material can withstand before the permanent deformation.

STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM: A solid material is being stretched and begins to flow, or change shape permanently, divided by its original cross-sectional area.

STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM: Maximum strength of materials prior to breaking or rupturing.

STRESS AND STRAIN DIAGRAM: Defined as the strain (deformation/elongation) at w/c the material collapses.

Visually displays a material's deformation (strain) in response to a tensile, compressive, or torsional load, & other applied forces).

Defined as the functional performance of the structure and should be met.

The judgment is technical and the rules are established by building codes and design specifications (calculations and code standards).

The judgments are frequently non-technical; involves the perceptions and expectations of building owners and occupants (end-user’s experience);

Non-codified because the appropriate or desirable limits often vary from application to application

Comprises of a horizontal element supported by vertical elements and has been crucial in the development of architecture.

A false arch; spans an opening like an arch by having successive courses of masonry project farther inward as they rise on each side of the gap.

A triangulated system of (usually) straight interconnected structural elements

In the ARCH AND VAULT, this is the curved structure that spans the opening between two piers or columns and supports loads from above.

In the ARCH AND VAULT, this is the structural member consisting of an arrangement of arches, usually forming a ceiling or roof.

In the forces acting in a truss, the ________ of members is always considered negative: dimensional shortening of the expansion joint along its longitudinal axis

In the forces acting in a truss, the _______ is always considered positive: lengthening along the same axis.

The highest component of a building's structure. Based on the weather and location, these can be sloped or flat.

Walls that extend above the roof slab. It serves as a safety barrier for those who use the roof.

Built above wall openings such as doors and windows. These structures can support the wall's weight as it passes over the opening.

These make up the horizontal members of a building.

Vertical members that are constructed above ground level.

A waterproofing layer that is applied to the basement floor to stop water from rising into walls.

This is covered by the walls.

Vertical elements that support the roof; forms an enclosure that protects against rain, sunlight, wind, and other elements, and have openings that allow ventilation and access.

The surface that is laid on top of the plinth level.

A series of steps connecting different floors within a building structure.

Beam structures that are built at ground level or higher to support the wall.

Beam structures that are built at ground level or higher to support the wall.

Built above ground level, it is a layer of cement mortar between the superstructure and the substructure

It is located at the very bottom of the construction, in direct contact with the soil, and evenly distributes the load from the superstructure to the underlying soil.

Standalone support for each column; square in shape to reduce bending moments and shearing forces at critical sections.

Shared support for multiple columns; commonly used when the columns or walls are close to each other and the soil's bearing capacity is limited.

Long, continuous footing support; used to support load-bearing walls, where the load-bearing capacity of the underlying ground has been evaluated and is deemed sufficient for the project. It can be used for closely grouped columns.

A single, large foundation slab resting on the soil that extends over the entire footprint of the building. Used when the soil is weak, the building is heavy, or the columns are closely spaced.

Vertical structural elements are driven into the ground. Used in situations where the top layer of soil is weak and unable to hold the weight of the building.

Deep foundation solution used to support structures with large axial and lateral loads by excavating cylindrical shafts into the ground and filling them with concrete.

Transfers the building's weight to the soil or rock, ensuring stability and preventing structural failure.

Supporting the vertical loads (building's weight, including floors, roofs, and other additional loads); they support part of the structural framework of the building

These enhance a building's stability against forces like wind and earthquakes. Also reduce the risk of deformation or collapse of the structure during extreme events.

It acts as a protective barrier, shielding the interior from the weather and regulating the temperature.

These are vertical circulation solutions to allow people to access different levels, and enable efficient transportation of goods.

The horizontal members, transfer loads from floors or roofs to columns; they support the load by resisting being bent under the load's pressure.

It resists tension forces, increase the compression capacity, enhance ductility and reduce long-term deflections in the concrete, prevent cracking of concrete due to shear stresses, shrinkage and temperature stresses.

These hold the primary reinforcement bars.

This beam support type only has vertical reaction, and allows horizontal movement and rotation

This beam support type has vertical and horizontal reaction, and allows rotation

This beam support type has vertical, horizontal, and moment reaction

Steel reinforcement is equal to concrete strength

Steel reinforcement is less than concrete strength.

Steel reinforcement is greater than concrete strength.

A bracing system where diagonal supports at right angles

A bracing system where V-shaped supports for lateral stability.

A bracing system where cross-shaped supports for rigidity.

A bracing system of vertical and horizontal frame reinforcement.

A bracing system where upside-down v-shaped supports for strength.

A bracing system of off-centre diagonal reinforcements.

A bracing system of stiff, interconnected structural members.

The minimum tread depth according to RA 9514

The maximum riser according to RA 9514

The minimum riser according to RA 9514

The maximum riser according to PD 1096

The minimum tread according to PD 1096