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WorksheetsImag II: Fall Final Review 2
Total questions: 74
Worksheet time: 37mins
What is the primary purpose of filtration in diagnostic X-ray beams?
Remove high-energy photons from the beam
Remove low-energy photons that increase skin dose
Increase beam quantity reaching the receptor
Create uniform patient exposure across all tissues
Which components contribute to inherent filtration in an X-ray tube assembly?
Glass envelope, oil, exit window
Collimator mirror, aluminum sheets
Wedge filter, trough filter
Lead aprons, grid lines
Which items are examples of added filtration?
Collimator mirror and aluminum sheets
Glass envelope and tube oil
Anode target and exit window
Grid strips and bucky tray
Total filtration of an X-ray beam is calculated as:
Inherent filtration plus added filtration
Inherent filtration multiplied by mAs
Added filtration minus inherent filtration
kVp divided by HVL value
How does filtration affect beam quality?
Decreases quality by softening the beam
Increases quality by hardening the beam
Does not change beam quality
Randomly changes quality depending on mAs
How does filtration influence beam quantity at the image receptor?
Doubles quantity when kVp is constant
Leaves quantity unchanged
Decreases quantity reaching the detector
Increases quantity reaching the detector
What is the typical effect of filtration on patient skin dose?
Decreases skin dose by removing soft photons
Increases skin dose slightly
Increases dose to internal organs only
Leaves skin dose unchanged
Which statement correctly defines Half-Value Layer (HVL)?
Thickness that removes all photons from a beam
Thickness of material that halves beam intensity
Measure of the number of photons produced
Ratio of added to inherent filtration
What does HVL primarily indicate about an X-ray beam?
Beam quantity at the detector
Beam quality and penetration ability
Anode heat capacity during exposure
Filtration thickness in millimeters
A higher HVL corresponds to which change in the X-ray beam?
Less penetrating, softer beam
More penetrating, harder beam
Unchanged penetration with higher mAs
Lower quality due to added filtration
How does adding filtration generally affect the HVL of the beam?
Randomly changes HVL independent of filtration
Leaves HVL constant regardless of kVp
Increases HVL by hardening the spectrum
Decreases HVL by softening the spectrum
When are compensating filters most appropriately used in radiography?
To protect the tube from overheating
To lower kVp for thin patients
To equalize exposure across uneven tissue densities
To increase beam quantity without changing mAs
Which are common types of compensating filters?
Wedge and trough filters
Mirror and window filters
Lead and grid filters
Anode and cathode filters
Which interaction primarily produces scatter in soft tissue during diagnostic radiography?
Compton interaction in soft tissue
Photoelectric absorption in bone
Pair production at high energies
Thomson emission from the tube
What is the main effect of scatter radiation on a radiographic image?
Boosts exposure latitude
Increases spatial resolution
Sharpens edges and detail
Adds fog and lowers contrast
Which factor most increases scatter production during an exposure?
Lower mA settings
Higher kVp settings
Longer SID values
Shorter exposure time
Expanding the field size during an exam typically leads to which outcome?
Less patient dose, less scatter
Improved contrast, less fog
Higher resolution, fewer photons
More tissue irradiated, more scatter
Imaging a thicker anatomical part tends to cause what change in scatter?
Reduces scatter formation
Produces only primary photons
Increases scatter production
Eliminates scatter entirely
Which method directly reduces scatter reaching the image receptor?
Remove all filtration
Widen the light field
Increase kVp substantially
Use an appropriate grid
How does tight collimation affect image quality?
Reduces scatter, improves contrast
Raises noise, lowers resolution
Increases fog, reduces detail
Creates motion blur artifacts
What is a key characteristic of coherent scatter in diagnostic ranges?
No energy transfer to the electron
Complete absorption of the photon
Creation of characteristic radiation
Production of secondary electrons
Which statement best distinguishes Compton from photoelectric interactions?
Compton absorbs; photoelectric scatters
Compton scatters; photoelectric absorbs
Both fully absorb the photon
Neither changes photon direction
Using an air-gap technique primarily achieves which effect?
Raises image contrast noise
Lowers patient dose significantly
Increases geometric magnification
Reduces scatter reaching the receptor
What is an overall benefit of beam restriction in patient care?
Elevates image fog level
Decreases patient exposure
Increases tube heat load
Extends exposure time
Collimation is expected to have what impact on image contrast?
Only affects spatial resolution
Has no measurable effect
Decreases subject contrast
Improves subject contrast
What is the primary purpose of a radiographic grid?
Increase image sharpness at detector
Lower inherent filtration from the tube
Remove scatter before reaching the IR
Reduce patient motion during exposure
When is using a grid most appropriate?
For pediatric chest radiographs routinely
For thin parts under 5 cm thickness
For exams with minimal scatter risk
For anatomy ≥10 cm or high scatter exams
How does increasing grid ratio generally affect scatter cleanup and patient dose?
No change in cleanup or dose
Worse cleanup and lower dose
Better cleanup and lower dose
Better cleanup and higher dose
Which error produces one-sided cutoff due to misalignment?
Upside-down grid orientation error
Off-focus incorrect SID error
Off-center grid alignment error
Off-level tube angulation error
What characterizes off-focus grid cutoff?
Detector tilted relative to grid
SID outside grid’s focal range
Tube angled toward cephalad
Grid placed backward on cassette
What image appearance is typical with an upside-down focused grid?
Mottled pattern across the field
Uniformly light center region
One side dark and the other light
Severe cutoff along image edges
Which change is required when moving to a higher grid ratio to maintain exposure at the IR?
Decrease mAs to limit dose
Increase mAs to compensate attenuation
Decrease kVp to reduce scatter
Increase SID to widen focal range
What is the main effect of the air gap technique?
Decreases OID to improve detail
Increases OID to reduce scatter
Increases SID to reduce magnification
Decreases kVp to limit scatter
A radiograph shows both lateral borders underexposed after angling the X-ray tube. Which grid error is most likely?
Upside-down grid orientation
Off-focus due to long SID
Off-center due to lateral shift
Off-level due to tube angulation
What is the primary function of Automatic Exposure Control (AEC) in radiography?
Terminate exposure when detector receives set dose
Start exposure when detector is covered
Adjust kVp automatically for patient size
Increase tube current during patient motion
Why is accurate patient positioning critical when using AEC?
It reduces needed collimation margins
It ensures anatomy aligns with the active detector cell
It prevents the backup timer from activating
It lowers minimum response time of the system
Selecting the wrong AEC cell most likely results in which outcome?
Shorter exposure with adequate density
Improved contrast with lower noise
Overexposure or underexposure of the image
Consistent exposure across all regions
What is a common consequence of incorrect centering over the AEC detector?
Uniform image brightness throughout
Premature exposure termination consistently
Unpredictable image density due to wrong sampling
Guaranteed activation of backup timer every time
If anatomy does not cover the AEC detector area, what can happen?
Exposure stops immediately regardless of coverage
System automatically switches to manual mode
Exposure continues too long causing overexposure
AEC increases kVp to compensate
Tight collimation directly over the AEC chamber typically leads to what effect?
AEC shuts off too early due to reduced scatter
AEC increases mA to maintain detector signal
Image contrast decreases from added scatter
Exposure time lengthens to reach detector dose
What is the purpose of the backup timer when using AEC?
To control penetration by changing kVp
To reduce image noise by adding filtration
To automatically choose the correct AEC cell
To prevent excessive exposure if AEC fails
Minimum response time in AEC systems refers to the shortest time the system can expose. On thin patients, this may cause:
Improved contrast with reduced scatter
Equal exposure regardless of patient size
Underexposure due to early termination
Overexposure because time cannot be shorter
When using AEC, how does manual mA selection primarily affect the exposure?
It changes penetration and contrast
It disables the backup timer function
It determines exposure time to reach detector dose
It activates additional AEC cells automatically
With AEC, what does changing kVp primarily influence?
Backup timer threshold setting
Number of active detector chambers
Exposure time calculation only
Image penetration and contrast
Density or exposure adjustment settings such as −1, −2, +1, +2 are used to:
Change tube filtration automatically
Modify minimum response time in hardware
Shift the target detector dose up or down
Select which AEC cells are active
Which parameter primarily controls the quantity of x‑ray photons reaching the image receptor?
mAs setting on the console
kVp setting on the console
SID chosen for the exam
OID between part and detector
Increasing kVp mainly affects beam quality in what way?
Lowers photon quantity without energy change
Lowers photon energy and penetration
Raises photon quantity without energy change
Raises photon energy and penetration
Which factor directly increases patient dose when raised, assuming all else is constant?
Lower kVp setting chosen
Higher mAs value selected
Lower OID gap maintained
Higher SID distance used
The 15% rule states that increasing kVp by 15% will have what effect on IR exposure?
Reduces IR exposure by one third
Approximately doubles IR exposure
Approximately halves IR exposure
Leaves IR exposure unchanged
Which change most increases image magnification?
Increase OID while keeping SID constant
Decrease SID while keeping OID constant
Decrease OID while keeping SID constant
Increase SID while keeping OID constant
Spatial resolution at the detector is most improved by which adjustment?
Decrease SID and increase OID
Increase SID and minimize OID
Increase OID and keep SID constant
Decrease kVp and increase mAs
Higher kVp generally produces what change in radiographic contrast?
Higher contrast with shorter scale
Higher contrast with more scatter
No change in image contrast
Lower contrast with longer scale
Which statement about SID and beam intensity follows the inverse square law?
Halving SID doubles intensity
Doubling SID quarters intensity
Doubling SID doubles intensity
Halving SID quarters intensity
Increasing OID typically affects sharpness at the detector in what way?
Improves sharpness by reducing scatter
Leaves sharpness unchanged overall
Increases sharpness due to focus
Decreases sharpness due to blur
If kVp is decreased by 15% without changing mAs, what happens to IR exposure?
Exposure is slightly increased
Exposure remains approximately unchanged
Exposure is approximately doubled
Exposure is approximately halved
A radiographer wants to maintain IR exposure after increasing SID from 100 cm to 150 cm. Which adjustment is most appropriate?
Increase mAs according to inverse square
Decrease kVp by fifteen percent
Decrease mAs according to inverse square
Increase kVp by fifteen percent
Which combination best reduces magnification while improving resolution for a lateral skull?
Use long SID and minimal OID
Use short OID and lower kVp
Use short SID and maximal OID
Use long OID and moderate SID
What is the correct formula for calculating mAs from tube current and exposure time?
mAs equals mA multiplied by time
mAs equals mA minus exposure time
mAs equals mA plus exposure time
mAs equals mA divided by time
A radiograph uses 200 mA for 0.10 s. What is the mAs?
10 mAs
40 mAs
30 mAs
20 mAs
Which best describes the Exposure Maintenance Formula when changing distance?
mAs2 equals mAs1 times D2 over D1
mAs2 equals mAs1 times D1 squared over D2 squared
mAs2 equals mAs1 times D2 squared over D1 squared
mAs2 equals mAs1 times D1 over D2
If SID increases from 100 cm to 150 cm, what factor multiplies mAs to maintain exposure?
Multiply by 1.5 squared over 1.0 squared
Multiply by 1.0 squared over 1.5 squared
Do not change mAs at all
Multiply by 1.5 over 1.0 only
Which statement correctly expresses the Inverse Square Law for beam intensity?
Intensity varies inversely with distance squared
Intensity equals distance divided by exposure
Intensity doubles when distance halves linearly
Intensity is proportional to distance squared
Using the 15% rule, what do you do to mAs when increasing kVp by 15% to keep receptor exposure constant?
Cut the mAs in half
Double the mAs
Increase mAs by 15%
Do not change the mAs
When kVp is decreased by 15%, how should mAs be adjusted to maintain exposure?
Leave mAs unchanged
Increase mAs by 15%
Double the mAs
Cut mAs in half
Which process primarily produces X-rays at 70 kVp in diagnostic imaging?
Compton scatter dominates the beam
Bremsstrahlung radiation dominates the beam
Characteristic radiation dominates the beam
Photoelectric absorption dominates the beam
Characteristic radiation from a tungsten target occurs only when incident electron energy exceeds which threshold?
50 keV binding energy of k-shell
80 keV binding energy of k-shell
60 keV binding energy of l-shell
69 keV binding energy of k-shell
Which exposure setting best minimizes patient dose while maintaining image quality in radiography?
Highest kVp and lowest mAs
Highest kVp and highest mAs
Lowest kVp and highest mAs
Moderate kVp and moderate mAs
What is the primary purpose of collimation during an x‑ray exam?
Reduce scatter and patient dose
Increase image contrast only
Improve detector sensitivity
Shorten exposure time only
Why should field size be limited to the area of clinical interest?
To reduce tube heat only
To minimize dose and scatter
To avoid grid cutoff artifacts
To improve SID consistency
Which action most effectively prevents repeat exposures?
Reducing source‑to‑image distance
Increasing filtration thickness
Ensuring accurate patient positioning
Using a higher grid ratio
What is the role of added filtration in the x‑ray beam?
Reduce beam hardness for soft tissue
Remove low‑energy photons that increase dose
Produce characteristic radiation in the patient
Increase scatter reaching the detector
When are grids appropriate from a dose‑management perspective?
Always, regardless of body part
Only when needed to control scatter
Never, due to dose increase
Only with pediatric patients
Which combination best describes proper shielding practice?
Place shields between tube and collimator
Use lead aprons on all body surfaces
Shield radiosensitive organs when feasible
Avoid shielding to prevent artifacts
A technologist increases kVp and proportionally decreases mAs. What is the typical effect on patient dose?
Dose remains exactly unchanged
Dose decreases overall
Dose increases substantially
Dose fluctuates unpredictably
