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WorksheetsChallenge Exam Review 2
Total questions: 100
Worksheet time: 50mins
Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Black Codes passed by former Confederate states?
limit the freedom and economic opportunities of formerly enslaved people
prevent Blacks from leaving southern states
help formerly enslaved Blacks adjust to emancipation
force Blacks to leave southern states
What legislation did Republicans in Congress pass in reaction to former Confederate states passing laws known as Black Codes?
Fifteenth Amendment
Civil Rights Act of 1866
Thirteenth Amendment
Fair Housing Act
Whose "Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases" helped inspire the anti-lynching movement?
Booker T. Washington
Ida B. Wells
Ida Tarbell
Lincoln Steffens
Which of the following entities passed the Black Codes after the Civil War?
local communities across the nation
states in the West
the United States Congress
former Confederate states
Which of the following were part of Black people's understanding of freedom during Reconstruction?
returning to their native African countries
integrated churches
segregated public accommodations
land ownership
How did the US government respond to the violence perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan and similar organizations during Reconstruction?
employed the 13th Amendment to arrest and imprison suspected Ku Klux
authorized the US Army to suppress terrorist organizations like the Ku Klux Klan
encouraged southern governors to use state militias to maintain order
funded efforts to colonize formerly enslaved people outside the US
What was the Ghost Dance?
A. A ceremony that its practitioners believed would resurrect dead ancestors, end drought, purge Native American lands of whites, and restore the bison herds.
B. The practice of adopting war captives as replacements for dead family members.
C. Religious practice in which Indian hunters prayed to the spirits of the animals they killed in order to sustain their hunting practices.
D. A prewar ritual instructing Native American warriors to kill as many of the enemy as possible.
What helped spark the Red River War?
A. Comanche refusal to settle on a reservation
B. None of the answer choices are correct.
C. Maximilian I's aggressive policy toward the Mexico-US border in Texas.
D. West Virginia coal companies' violent suppression of miners' attempts to unionize
What was a common concern among the western Native Americans who embraced the Ghost Dance?
an abundance of grazing bison damaged their crops
fierce opposition from the Lakota and other indigenous peoples who favored adopting family farms
diminished access to water caused by serious droughts
unusually heavy rainfall flooded their agricultural lands
Which institution played a central role in providing leadership and organization for Black communities in the decades following the Civil War?
A. Churches
B. the NAACP
C. the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
D. the Army
Which institution in the post-Civil War South most likely served as a platform for discussions and potential conflicts over gender roles, cultural values, practices, norms, and political engagement within the Black community?
The Freedmen's Bureau
Black newspapers
Black churches
the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League
Which statement best characterizes Black churches in the South after the Civil War?
They were primarily affiliated with white churches.
They were unchanged offshoots of white churches.
They were founded and led by Blacks from the North.
They were independent Black churches.
From the perspective of the newly freed people, what was arguably the most bitterly disappointing failure of the Freedmen's Bureau?
ending southern economic dependence on cotton
establishing Black men as the absolute head of their households
creation of an industrial labor force in the South
not redistributing land
What was a key element of women's rights advocates' "New Departure" strategy?
migrating west in the hopes of finding more opportunity
arguing that the 14th and 15th Amendments implicitly included and extended full citizenship rights to women
discouraging women from voting
emphasizing women's wage work as a way of earning economic freedom
Why did women's rights leaders oppose the Fifteenth Amendment?
They had a broad opposition to abolitionism and Blacks' civil rights.
It introduced the word "male" into the Constitution for the first time.
They had a commitment to states' rights and limited government.
They felt that it was unnecessary to achieve their larger goals.
Ratified in 1868, the 14th Amendment passed in 1866 did which of the following?
outlawed segregation in the workplace
established federally defined citizenship for all native-born Americans except Native Americans
abolished slavery
declared secession unconstitutional
Which statement is true regarding the first Reconstruction Act of 1867?
It was rejected by Congress, so they had to create a second Reconstruction Act of 1868.
It dissolved southern state governments and divided the South into five military districts.
It gave voting right to all African Americans.
It was supported by influential Black leader Marcus Garvey.
What legislation required states to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, write new constitutions ensuring rights for African Americans, and abolish repressive “Black Codes” before rejoining the union?
the Civil Rights Act of 1866
the second Voting Rights Act of 1869
the Equal Opportunity Act of 1868
the first Reconstruction Act of 1867
What legislation signaled the federal government’s willingness to enforce the Bill of Rights over the authority of the states?
the first Voting Rights Act of 1868
the Thirteenth Amendment
the Fourteenth Amendment
the second Voting Rights Act of 1869
What direct consequence did the Dawes General Allotment Act of 1887 have on Native American land ownership?
It divided reservations into plots and distributed to Native American families with the clause that unclaimed lands would be given to settlers if unclaimed for 25 years.
It significantly expanded the reservations lands west of the Mississippi river at the cost of all reservations east of the Mississippi river.
It provided financial assistance for those living on reservations to build infrastructure, especially agricultural, in hopes of generating more trade and tax revenue from reservations.
It legally protected existing reservations as sovereign territory, forbidding further federal or state encroachments on reservation territory.
What was the primary justification used by Americans for passing the 1887 Dawes General Allotment Act?
by portraying it as a noble humanitarian effort to save the Native Americans from con artists, inefficient land use, and make them more "civilized"
by portraying it as a Christian duty to save the Native Americans from alcoholism as part of the Temperance Movement
by portraying it as punishment for a long history of raids on American settlers
by portraying it as a spread of democracy to the Native Americans by dismantling authoritarian and oppressive tribal governments
What was a significant impact of the Dawes Act of 1887 on Native Americans?
It established legal tribal autonomy on reservation lands but decreased the amount of territory held by Native nations.
It upended Native lifestyles and left Native nations without sovereignty over their lands.
It required the establishment of US military forts on tribal lands and placed Native nations under military jurisdiction.
It strengthened Native American culture and recognized their rights to ancestral lands.
What was the most common labor practice in post-Civil War cotton cultivation?
Apprenticeships
wage labor
sharecropping
slavery
Which of the following was a core belief of New South boosters?
Workers should have equal opportunity to compete for jobs.
Cotton was king, and the southern economy should continue to focus on cotton above all else.
They embraced industrialization as a means of enhancing southern economic development.
Southern industry should be independent of northern capital investment.
What was the most important aspect of the southern economy in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
textile mills
agriculture
furniture making
tobacco production
How was the transcontinental railroad funded?
private funding from involved capitalists
foreign investment
grants and loans from the federal government
public stock offerings
During the 19th century westward expansion, which of the following groups received the most land grants from the federal government?
railroad companies
Native Americans
homesteading families
formerly enslaved people
What was a major effect of the completion of the transcontinental railroad in 1869?
It significantly reduced transportation times and linked eastern markets with western resources.
It led to the financial collapse of the railroad industry due to overinvestment.
It immediately ended the reliance on immigrant labor in railroad construction.
It resulted in the permanent preservation of Native American lands along the rail routes.
How did the myth of the American cowboy gain popularity in the late 19th century?
It was promoted as a symbol of rugged masculinity in response to anxieties about industrialization.
It emerged primarily from Native American cultural traditions and was later adopted by settlers.
It was created by ranchers in the West to recruit laborers for cattle drives.
It was widely embraced by factory workers as a realistic representation of their daily lives.
Which statement best describes the legacy of the Railroad Strike of 1877 on labor relations?
It generated public sympathy for the workers' causes and united opinion in favor of unionization.
It became a model example of nonviolent compromise and protest for labor unions.
It was the spark for decades of conflict between workers and owners.
It demonstrated the effectiveness of violent strikes in achieving workers' demands.
What significant demographic shift was revealed by the 1920 U.S. census?
A. A majority of Americans lived in urban areas for the first time.
B. Immigration declined sharply, leading to overall population stagnation.
C. The western states surpassed the eastern states in total population.
D. Urban population grew at a faster rate than the urban population.
During the Gilded Age, which practice was a major factor in the rise of unskilled and less specialized jobs?
minimum wage legislation
assembly line
apprenticeships
strong labor unions
In the late 19th century, which institution was most likely strengthened by the rise of industrial capitalism?
labor unions
charitable organizations providing aid to the urban poor
small, family-owned businesses
monopolies
Which of these economic conditions resulted from rapid industrial capitalism in the Gilded Age?
Concentrations of wealth transferred from factory owners to workers.
The rich accumulated more wealth while poverty became more widespread.
Wages standardized across different industries.
The overall cost of living significantly decreased.
Herbert Spencer crafted a justification for wealth inequality based on natural fitness, an idea known as
Social Gospel
Progressivism
Social Darwinism
Socialism
Organized labor movements, and specifically the Knights of Labor, lost momentum after the Haymarket Riot events because the American public associated organized labor with
economic inefficiency
radicalism and violence
political corruption
greed and laziness
Agrarian (farming) interests, increasingly marginalized by the political structure of the Gilded Age, challenged that structure through what means?
the People's (or Populist) Party
the Dixiecrats
Tammany Hall
the Constitutional Union Party
What specific monetary policy did the Populist Party advocate for to create currency inflation in an attempt to ease financial challenges for farmers?
rejection of bimetallism
liberal use of government bonds
remonetization of silver
adoption of the Gold Standard
What significant outcome resulted from the Democratic Party's nomination of William Jennings Bryan and their adoption of the Populist Party's signature issue in the presidential election of 1896?
a stronger, more independent Populist Party
a third-party win
a Republican defeat
"fusion" of the two parties
During the Gilded Age, the political party most closely associated with business and industry was the
Know-Nothings
Republican Party
Constitutional Union Party
Socialist Party
What organization best exemplifies urban political machines, which united immigrant services like housing and jobs with control of voting blocks?
Philadelphia's Independence Hall
Chicago's Hull House
Boston's Ventfort Hall
New York's Tammany Hall
What regions were the primary origins of the "New Immigration" to America by 1890?
southern and eastern Europe
Ireland
India
the British Isles
What was the primary "pull" factor driving immigration to America?
a desire to assimilate
employment prospects
instability in many European nations
a desire to avoid industrial capitalism
What is the term historians use to describe the pattern where immigrants, once established in America, often encourage other family members and friends to join them?
enforced ethnicity
assimilation
reverse migration
chain migration
What was the first race-based federal immigration control?
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
Pendleton Act of 1883
Dawes Act of 1887
Sherman Act of 1890
What is the term for hostile sentiment towards new immigrants based on fear of religious differences, cheap labor competition, and perceived racial inferiority?
assimilation
Zoroastrianism
Inclusivism
nativism
Who was one of the most successful advocates and speakers among the women active in the Farmers' Alliance and Populist movement?
Rachael Jackson
Ida Saxton McKinley
Jane Addams
Mary Lease
What societal and cultural shifts led to traditional gender norms being challenged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
widespread adoption of perceived Protestant ethics
urbanization, immigration, and economic inequalities
uniform wealth equality
assimilation of immigrants into the traditional American patterns
What did a rapid rise in industrial capitalism lead to in association with the Gilded Age?
elimination of the middle class
reduced wealth and less poverty
wealth transfer from owners to workers
both great wealth and poverty
How did late 19th-century literature, such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper and Kate Chopin’s The Awakening, challenge traditional gender roles?
by advocating for women to leave the workforce and embrace homemaking
by reinforcing the idea that Victorian psychological treatments were effective
by portraying the Victorian ideal of femininity as beneficial to women's well-being
by critiquing the restrictive domestic roles imposed on women by society
What were Gilded Age men encouraged to equate masculinity with?
feminism and romanticism
nationalism and imperialism
progressivism and liberalism
professionalism and modernism
By 1900, Thomas Edison had invented two technologies destined to redefine leisure and the mass entertainment culture, specifically
the newspaper and magazine
the phonograph and motion pictures
the Ferris wheel and carousel
the circus and Wild West show
Andrew Carnegie published a book setting out his ideas on reconciling wealth inequality and Christian duty, with a popular idea known as the
"tainted money"
Social Darwinism
Social Gospel
"Gospel of Wealth"
What grand event showcased American exceptionalism in technology and innovation, particularly regarding electrical lighting?
Seneca Falls Convention, 1848
Exposition Universelle, 1889
Ocala Granger Convention, 1890
Columbian Exposition (World's Fair) in Chicago, 1893
Between 1880 and 1920, Americans with leisure time might enjoy live, family friendly entertainment at shows known as
vaudeville
Rinky-dink
Greek drama
Big theater
Who was the famous African American speaker and educator who supported the Atlanta Compromise in order to help African Americans gain more economic opportunities under segregation?
A. Booker T. Washington
B. Albert B. Hart
C. William Lloyd Garrison
D. W.E.B. DuBois
Famous 1915 film directed by D. W. Griffith that promoted the "Lost Cause" ideology of the Civil War.
Dangerous to Men
Birth of a Nation
The Adorable Savage
The Peddler of Lies
Jane Addams is an example of reform addressing issues facing the urban poor because
she began Hull House in Chicago
of her work with prisons in the South
she founded the first all-female theater troupe in New England
of her work with disabled individuals
How did Henry Ford’s use of the assembly line impact automobile production?
It significantly increased production while lowering costs.
It resulted in automobiles becoming more expensive and less accessible to consumers.
It led to a decline in automobile production due to inefficiencies.
It reduced the need for unskilled labor, as more specialized workers were required.
Which author exposed the horrible working conditions in the meat-packing industry of Chicago in his book, The Jungle?
Charles Russell
Jacob Riis
Upton Sinclair
David Grahm Phillips
What were the reform-minded journalists who exposed established institutions and leaders as corrupt during the Progressive Era known as?
Pilgrims
trust busters
do-gooders
muckrakers
Which Amendment states, "The rights of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex?"
15th Amendment
16th Amendment
19th Amendment
21st Amendment
Late 19th Century term for colonizing foreign nations and lands which relied primarily on business, political, and military structures is called
imperialism
Manifest Density
nationalism
sectionalism
What term was used to describe the sensationalized newspaper articles of the late 19th century?
Pink Journalism
Southern Journalism
Crisis Writing
Yellow Journalism
The explosion of "The Maine" in Havana Harbor led to the push for war with which country?
France
Germany
England
Spain
America participated in direct intervention in these countries beginning of the late 1800s.
Eastern European countries
Iceland, Norway, and Finland
Cuba, the Philippines, Hawaii, Guam, and Puerto Rico
Russia and Ukraine
What individual, known as America's most famous Naturalist, helped found the Sierra Club and established Yosemite National Park?
John Hay
Evan Stone
John Muir
Daniel Robinson
The Coal Strike of 1902 led to
better protections for mine owners
no changes for miners
9-hour workdays and a 10% raise for miners
weaker unions
Whose efforts most impacted the passage of the 18th Amendment?
unions
coal miners
African American farmers
women's groups and urban reformers
What area of work is Margaret Sanger most well-known for?
farming
prohibition
fashion
birth control
Who advocated for a more outspoken and confrontational strategy to race relations in contrast to Booker T. Washington who called for accommodation and gradual change?
Garrett Allen Smith
W.E.B. DuBois
Marcus Garvey
Henry Lowell
What act was passed quickly after the book The Jungle exposed conditions in the meat processing stockyards and plants of Chicago?
The Pendleton Act
The Pure Food and Drug Act
The Jones Act
The Taft-Hartley Act
Into what area of the globe did the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine expand the power of the United States in the early 1900s?
Latin America
Europe
Canada
The Middle East
How did the rhetoric of “civilization” support U.S. imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
It framed European and American societies as the pinnacle of progress, justifying imperial expansion.
It argued that industrial economies were inferior to agrarian societies, opposing colonial expansion.
It rejected the idea of gender roles, promoting equal labor participation across societies.
It emphasized racial and cultural equality among all nations, discouraging imperial conquests.
What was the debate over Hetch Hetchy primarily about?
nationalism and sectionalism
conservation and preservation
religious groups and the federal government
women's rights advocates and the state governments
What were the "poll tax," the "literacy test," and the "grandfather clause" attempting to achieve?
to allow more people to vote in the South
to disenfranchise women
to disenfranchise African Americans
to allow more white women to vote
What did Jacob Riis document in his published work, How the Other Half Lives?
the upper class-families of New York City
the women committed to sanitariums in Chicago
the living and working conditions of New York City's poor
African American farmers in Alabama
Which of the following strategies did women’s groups adopt to achieve the vote for women?
focusing only on passage of a Constitutional Amendment
They had no real strategy.
focusing on only changing State Constitutions
focusing on both state's voting rights laws and the passage of a Constitutional Amendment
What was Gifford Pinchot’s view on conservation?
Gifford Pinchot did not believe in conservation of any public lands.
Gifford Pinchot believed no public land should ever be used to serve people's needs.
Gifford Pinchot believed that the land and its natural resources were best used when they served the most people.
Gifford Pinchot did not think conservation was necessary.
What is the scientific theory of labor management that seeks to increase productivity and economic efficiency?
Socialism
Taylorism
laissez faire economics
welfare capitalism
What Civil Rights organization was founded in the early 1900s as an endeavor to advance justice for African Americans?
NAWSA
The Talented Tenth
NAACP
YMCA
What was the most significant reason that the U.S. decided to enter WWI?
The U.S. had a long history of intervening in European conflicts.
The U.S. had close ties to Germany given the number of Germans who had immigrated to the U.S.
U.S. entry into WWI protected longstanding trade, financial, and diplomatic ties with England and France.
The complex system of alliances that triggered WWI required the U.S. to declare war against the enemies of its allies.
Which of the following was true about the U.S. economy and foreign policy when the U.S. entered WWI in 1917?
Woodrow Wilson's Progressive agenda aligned U.S. interests with the Russian Bolsheviks who overthrew the totalitarian regime of Tsar Nicholas II.
Similar to Germany, the U.S. hoped to compete with England and France by increasing its colonial possessions in Africa and the Middle East.
The U.S. remained in a subordinate role both economically and politically relative to the European imperial powers that dominated the global economy.
The U.S. lacked a powerful military, and its diplomacy was largely focused on the Caribbean and Latin America, but the U.S. had the largest industrial output in the world.
Which answer best describes U.S. President Woodrow Wilson's agenda at the post-war peace conference in Paris?
Wilson shared the British and French intent to force Germany to pay for the cost of the war.
President Wilson idealistically promoted the right to free trade, the right to national self-determination, and the creation of a League of Nations to ensure the collective security of member countries.
Wilson worked to achieve the goals of Republican Senator Henry Cabot Lodge who believed that American sovereignty depended on restoring the policy of neutrality.
Wilson joined Great Britain and France in asserting imperial control over the 'mandates' or political units that were carved out of the former Ottoman Empire in the Middle East.
Which answer best explains why Woodrow Wilson failed to achieve a lasting peace among politically self-determining nations?
Wilson's idealism was undermined by his belief that controlling a mandate in the Middle East would strengthen the U.S. economy.
Wilson suffered a debilitating stroke while campaigning for the treaty's ratification.
Wilson encountered widespread opposition not only from America's European allies who wanted to weaken Germany, but also from congressional Republicans who refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles.
Wilson was persuaded by the Republican argument that membership in the League of Nations would compromise U.S. sovereignty.
Which of the following was a domestic consequence of World War I?
Participation in WWI slowed the pace of modernization in the United States.
A desire to "return to normalcy" caused U.S. citizens to support a diplomatic retreat from direct engagement in European affairs and political influence.
The desire to "return to tradition" after WWI caused Americans to reject technological, social, and cultural modernization.
Americans embraced political and social radicalism during the 1920s by joining socialist political organizations.
How did participation in WWI impact American society?
Americans felt hardly any sense of national pride or unity after being forced to participate in a war they did not support.
The war had little impact on how and where Americans lived and worked.
The significant contributions of white women, African Americans, and European immigrants both at home and abroad fueled their post-war demands for greater equality and opportunity.
Americans embraced the responsibility for global leadership that accompanied military and economic success.
In the 1920s, which factors had the greatest impact on a woman's likelihood of working outside the home and the type of job she could obtain?
the availability of childcare options and car ownership
a woman's age and overall health of the national economy
a woman's race, class, and marital status
a woman's educational background and church affiliation
Which of the following statements best describes the attitude that native-born, white Americans generally shared about immigrants during the 1910s and 1920s?
The characteristics of different immigrant groups enriched and strengthened the U.S. both culturally and genetically.
Immigrants were the backbone of the American economy, and their labor was responsible for the economy's rapid expansion and the country's increasing influence in global markets.
The United States was a melting pot that transformed people of different nationalities, faiths, and cultural traditions into 100% Americans.
Restrictive immigration laws were needed because immigrants were believed to possess political ideologies, religious beliefs, biological deficiencies, mental disabilities, and/or cultural differences that made their assimilation into American society impossible.
Which of the following statements best describes the Red Scare of the 1920s?
The influenza pandemic incited fear and chaos as the infections that spread with the movement of troops across the country and around the globe caused even more death and despair than the war.
The 1917 Bolshevik revolution in Russia inflamed fears in the United States about class conflict, ethnic difference, and political radicalism, which led to the legal suppression of labor unionism and political dissent.
Conservatives launched a campaign against the combination of jazz music, bootlegged alcohol, shorter skirts, and promiscuous dancing that inflamed the passions of young Americans.
Racial violence erupted in U.S. cities following WWI as white soldiers and civilians attacked African American neighborhoods to preserve their racial entitlement to jobs and housing.
Which answer describes how WWI impacted African Americans?
The war created job opportunities that initiated a "Great Migration" from the Jim Crow South to northern industrial centers such as New York City, Detroit, and Chicago.
The military service of 200,000 African American men and women caused white Americans to celebrate and honor black patriotism.
Military service in Europe caused black servicemen to realize that American racism wasn't so bad.
Militant demands for civil rights became unnecessary because of Woodrow Wilson's progressive efforts to end racial discrimination.
Which answer best explains the contradiction between a post-war desire among white Americans to "return to normalcy" and the reality of life in a "New Era"?
Economic, political, social, and demographic changes fundamentally altered where Americans lived, how and why they worked, what they purchased, and the ways they entertained themselves.
Women were rewarded for their wartime service both on the Homefront and abroad by receiving complete legal, political, and economic equality
All answer choices are correct.
White Americans welcomed the migration of African Americans to northern cities because they supported black Americans' efforts to pursue economic and political equality.
How did U.S. companies maintain high rates of production when the end of WWI reduced the international demand for American-made armaments?
Opening new markets to U.S. goods by exerting imperial control over the newly created mandates in the Middle East.
Reducing the costs of production through efficiency, raising working-class men's wages, advertising, and expanding access to consumer credit.
Working closely with labor unions to implement unionists' demands for a more equitable distribution of corporate profits and greater control over the means of production.
Lobbying the government to reduce tariffs and thus increase foreign demand for U.S. products.
What 20th century innovation was described as “a distinctly American institution” that allowed “the rich to rub elbows with the poor?”
tourism-focused vacation resorts
movies
fast food restaurants
automobiles
How did department stores contribute to the consumer culture of the 1920s?
They limited their merchandise selection to essential household items rather than luxury goods.
They promoted only cash purchases for luxury goods, discouraging the use of credit.
They centralized a wide variety of goods under one roof and introduced innovative customer services.
They primarily catered to lower-income consumers by offering discounted bulk purchases.
How do the modern ideals of "the Flapper" and "Mrs. Consumer" symbolize the experiences of white women during the 1920s?
These ideals symbolized not only the new degree of equality between white men and women, but also the erosion of racial and class inequalities that divided the experiences of American women.
These modern ideals of femininity accurately represented the experiences, opportunities, and aspirations of women.
Enfranchised women widely supported an Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Relaxing sexual and social mores enabled white women to experience more autonomy as consumers, but consumerism also reinforced married women's traditional domestic responsibilities.
Which answer describes a new form of freedom that white, middle-class women experienced during the 1920s?
Access to higher education, the professions, and clerical employment enabled women to begin competing economically with men.
The popularity of bloomers--a divided skirt worn under a long overskirt--shocked the older generation by increasing women's freedom of movement.
New appliances made white women's household responsibilities less time-consuming and the achievement of domestic standards easier to attain.
Driving became more permissible for women, which supported their increasing access to work, shop, and socialize.
Which answer best describes President Calvin Coolidge's quotation, "The chief business of the American people is business"?
The Republican presidents of the 1920s supported the efforts of feminists and unionists to promote gender and class equality in the corporate workforce.
The Republican presidential administrations of the 1920s championed pro-business policies such as tariffs and tax cuts that supported corporate profits and increased the power that corporations exercised in the American economy.
The scandals that plagued William G. Harding's administration illustrate how the pro-business agenda of the Republican presidents echoed the corruption and graft of the Gilded Age.
Republican presidents of the 1920s promoted the expansion of a social welfare state to end the problem of poverty in the land of plenty.
How did the eugenics movement impact poor, ethnic, and black women during the 1920s?
The Supreme Court intervened to end the forced sterilization of poor and racially minoritized American women.
Mothers' pensions were expanded to include African American and Eastern European mothers.
Birth control advocates such as Margaret Sanger successfully used eugenic theory to legalize contraception for all American women.
The "scientific" belief that race, ethnicity, and class were genetically linked to cognitive ability and character led to the forced sterilization of poor, black, and immigrant women.
How did the Harlem Renaissance help to lay the foundation for the modern civil rights movement?
The artists and intellectuals associated with the Harlem Renaissance expanded support among white Americans for the NAACP's emphasis on interracial cooperation and legal reform.
The commercial popularity of the artists and intellectuals associated with the Harlem Renaissance caused white Americans to reject the revival of the Ku Klux Klan.
The popularity of speakeasies and nightclubs in African American commercial districts caused white Americans to develop a new appreciation and respect for black culture.
The Harlem Renaissance inspired and supported more militant demands for black equality by exerting control over the interpretation and expression of a unique black experience.
