Fill in the blank: The cardiovascular system includes the heart, ________ and blood.

Fill in the blank: The heart is a ________ muscular organ.

Fill in the blank: The heart is associated with the root cardi(o), derived from the ________ ‘kardia’ meaning heart.

Fill in the blank: The pericardium is double layered; the outer layer is the ________ pericardium (tough connective tissue attached to the central tendon of the diaphragm and the back of the sternum).

Fill in the blank: The pericardium is double layered; the inner layer is the ________ pericardium (two layers with a pericardial cavity in between).

Fill in the blank: The heart wall is comprised of epicardium, ________ (cardiac muscle responsible for heart contractions), and endocardium.

Fill in the blank: The heart wall is comprised of epicardium, myocardium, and ________ (inner lining of the heart’s chambers and valves that regulates contractions and aids cardiac embryological development).

Identify the labeled inner lining in the heart wall cross-section diagram.

Fill in the blank: The heart consists of four chambers; the right and left ________ are the upper chambers with thin walls.

Fill in the blank: The heart consists of four chambers; the right and left ________ are the lower chambers with thick walls.

Anterior view of the heart exterior: Identify the structure indicated by the blank label on the left side of the diagram.

Anterior view of the heart exterior: Identify the structure indicated by the blank label on the right side of the diagram.

Anterior view of the heart interior: Identify the structure indicated by the blank label near the lower left chamber.

Anterior view of the heart interior: Identify the structure indicated by the blank label adjacent to the valve leaflets on the right side of the diagram.

Atria: The right atrium receives _____ blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava and from the heart via the coronary veins.

Atria: The left atrium receives _____ blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.

Ventricles: Are responsible for pumping blood _____ the heart.

Ventricles: Form the _____ of the heart.

Anterior view of the heart interior: Identify the structure indicated by the blank label near the lower left chamber (separate from the labels for chordae tendineae and papillary muscles).

Anterior view of the heart interior: Identify the structure indicated by the blank label near the valve leaflets on the right side (separate from the labels for chordae tendineae and papillary muscles).

Great vessels of the heart: The superior and inferior vena cavae are the _____ veins in the body.

Great vessels of the heart: Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the _____.

Great vessels of the heart: Identify the vessel that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Great vessels of the heart: Identify the vessel that is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood to be distributed throughout the body.

Anterior view of the great vessels: Identify the structure indicated by the blank label on the upper right side of the diagram.

Anterior view of the great vessels: Identify the structure indicated by the blank label on the lower left side of the diagram.

Cardiac valves include atrioventricular valves located between the atria and ventricles. Which valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?

Atrioventricular valves are attached to papillary muscles by chordae tendineae and open during __________ (diastole), allowing the ventricle to fill. Which term correctly completes the statement?

Atrioventricular valves close during ventricular contraction (systole), preventing reflux. Which phase describes when these valves are closed?

Cardiac valves include semilunar valves located between ventricles and __________. What structure completes the statement?

Semilunar valves open when ventricles contract and ventricular pressure exceeds arterial pressure. At the beginning of __________, they close when blood flows toward the heart, pushing the valve cusps together. Which cardiac phase completes the statement?

At the beginning of diastole, semilunar valves close as blood flows toward the heart, pushing __________ the valve cusps together. Which word best completes the statement?

Refer to the labeled heart diagram showing arrows from body vessels into the right atrium. In step 1, __________ from the body enters the right atrium via the vena cavae.

Refer to the labeled heart diagram showing pulmonary veins entering the left atrium. In step 4, oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the __________ via pulmonary veins.

Refer to the labeled heart diagram showing a valve between the left atrium and left ventricle. In step 5, blood travels through the __________ into the left ventricle.

Coronary circulation supplies the tissues of the heart with oxygenated blood and drains it of deoxygenated blood. Which components originate at the aortic sinuses within the aorta and provide oxygenated blood?

Coronary circulation involves components that drain deoxygenated blood from the heart and open into the coronary sinus in the right atrium. What are these vessels called?

During coronary circulation, oxygenated blood in the __________ is forced into the coronary arteries during diastole due to increased aortic pressure. Which structure completes the statement?

In coronary circulation, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart via __________ and drains into the right atrium through the coronary sinus. Which vessels complete the statement?

The heart conduction system initiates and coordinates __________ of the heart muscle, using electrical impulses (__________) to make the heart beat. Which pair correctly completes both blanks?

Heart Conduction occurs when the ______ creates an electrical impulse which spreads over the atria, causing them to contract; forcing blood into ventricles.

Heart Conduction: the impulse is spread to the ____________, causing the ventricles to contract; forcing blood out of the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

Cardiac Cycle involves: __________ — atria and ventricles are relaxed; blood flows into atria and through atrioventricular valves into ventricles.

Cardiac Cycle involves: __________ — atria contract; blood is pushed into ventricles, building pressure.

Cardiac Cycle involves: __________ — ventricles contract and eject; pressure within the ventricles builds until outflow valves are forced open and blood is pumped from the heart.

Cardiac Cycle involves: __________ (early diastole) — ventricles relax, reducing pressure and forcing atrioventricular valves open to start the cycle again.

Cardiac Cycle: Based on the diagram of the cardiac cycle showing phases atrial systole, ventricular systole, and isovolumetric relaxation (early diastole), which label correctly names the phase when the ventricles contract to pump blood to the arteries?

Blood Vessels: Comprise the __________ system.

Blood Vessels: the hollow passageway through which blood flows is known as the __________.

Blood Vessels are composed of three layers: tunica ______ — middle layer of smooth muscle; thickest layer in arteries.

Blood Vessels are composed of three layers: tunica intima (__________) — inner layer of smooth epithelial and connective tissue; thinnest layer.

Blood Vessels include: __________, capillaries, and veins.

Arteries carry oxygenated blood __________ to the capillaries, providing oxygen and nutrients to body tissues (except pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated).

Arteries are thicker and stronger than veins — to withstand the __________.

Arteries include: large __________ conducting arteries. Choose the term that correctly completes the statement.

Arteries include: metarterioles — tiny arteries which supply __________. Select the best completion.

Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels with walls one cell layer thick; walls are __________ so materials can be diffused in and out. Which word best completes the sentence?

Capillaries include three types: continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal — each of which allow varying amounts and types of __________ to pass through. What completes the statement?

Veins carry deoxygenated blood from capillaries toward the heart, relieving body tissues of __________ (except the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart). Choose the best completion.

Veins have a series of __________ that work against gravity to prevent backflow. Select the correct term.

Veins include: __________ — small veins (with a diameter less than 1 mm). Which term correctly fills the blank?

Veins include: __________ — have diameters greater than 10 mm and have a thicker tunica intima than other veins. Pick the correct term.

Types of Blood Vessels diagram: Identify the missing vessel on the venous side between capillaries and large veins that completes the set of labels.

Types of Blood Vessels diagram: Identify the missing vessel on the arterial side between arteries and capillaries that completes the set of labels.

Blood transports the following to tissues throughout the body: nutrients, electrolytes, __________, vitamins, antibodies, heat, oxygen, immune cells. Choose the correct completion.

Blood transports __________ and waste from tissues throughout the body to the kidneys and liver for filtering. Select the best completion.

Blood consists of the following: erythrocytes (__________ blood cells). Which word correctly completes the phrase?

Blood consists of the following: leukocytes (__________ blood cells). Which word correctly completes the phrase?

Heart rate is the __________ at which the heart beats — the number of beats per minute. Choose the best completion.

Heart rate can be measured by checking the pulse — __________ of an artery due to blood pumping within it as the heart beats. Select the correct completion.

Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the ____________ of arteries as it pumps through the body.

Peripheral resistance is created by the arteries as they ____________.

Systolic pressure is the maximum pressure during ventricular systole (__________).

Diastolic pressure is the minimum pressure during diastole (__________).

Using the Blood Pressure Categories table, the systolic pressure range for Stage 1 (Mild) Hypertension is __________ mmHg.

Using the Blood Pressure Categories table, the diastolic pressure range for Stage 2 (Moderate) Hypertension is __________ mmHg.