Camryn started her career as a high-tech factory worker. With experience and by taking specialized courses in her field, she became an entrepreneur and started her own highly successful business. Camryn's advancement is an example of ________.

Caste systems and slavery are both ________.

Computers and other technologies perform a great deal of work today, reducing the need for workers with special expertise. As a result, high-paying positions have been replaced with low-paying positions. This process has been termed ________.

Contemporary Marxian (or conflict) theorists examine class in terms of ________.

From a ________, social inequality is not only inevitable but also an essential part of any healthy society because social stratification results in meritocracy, which refers to a hierarchy in which all positions are rewarded based on people's ability and credentials.

In the context of the effects of wealth and poverty on people's lives and social interactions, symbolic interactionists suggest that ________ between nonequals, such as domestic workers and their employers, confirms the inequality of the relationship and each party's position in the relationship relative to the other.

In the context of the Weberian model of the U.S. class structure, members of the ________ have an annual income in the $25,000 range, living from just above to just below the poverty line, and typically hold unskilled jobs, seasonal migrant jobs in agriculture, lower-paid factory jobs, and service jobs.

In the context of the Weberian model of the U.S. class structure, which of the following groups of people most likely belongs to the underclass?

In the context of Weber's categories of people based on their levels of wealth and income, a difference between entrepreneurs and rentiers is that:

In the late 1970s, sociologist Diana Pearce coined the term feminization of poverty to refer to the trend in which:

Marx predicted that the exploitation of workers by the capitalist class would ultimately lead to class conflict, which would result in a workers' revolution. However, no workers' revolution has occurred. This is because:

Marx used the term ________ to refer to those who must sell their labor to the owners to earn enough money to survive.

Occupations such as medical technicians, teachers, and nurses pertain to the ________, which makes up an estimated 30 percent of the U.S. population.

Poor people in the United States ________.

Social critic and journalist Barbara Ehrenreich demonstrated that people in the ________ use survival strategies such as help from relatives and constantly changing residences in order to have a place to live.

Sociologist Karl Marx believed that workers are exploited as capitalists maximize their profit by paying them less than the resale value of what they produce. Marx believed that this resulted in a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement that he called ________.

Sociologist Max Weber placed categories of people who have a similar level of wealth and income in the same class. He referred to the privileged commercial class of wealthy bankers, ship owners, professionals, and merchants who possess similar financial resources as ________.

The official poverty rate in 2014 was about ________ of the U.S. population.

The open stratification system based on the ownership and control of resources and on the type of work people do is termed ________.

The sociological term for the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratification system to another is ________.

The U.S. Social Security Administration has established an official poverty line. The poverty line is computed by ________.

The U.S. State Department estimates that about ________ foreigners are brought to the United States and enslaved annually.

According to functionalist theorists like Talcott Parsons, gender roles primarily serve which societal function?

Which claim aligns with liberal feminism’s central explanation for women’s oppression?

Marx and Engels argued that monogamous marriage mainly serves which class interest?

One key factor shaping the gendered division of labor in a society is:

Within peer groups among college students, organization tends to revolve primarily around:

In U.S. earnings comparisons, gender pay gaps are smallest among which racial–ethnic category?

A public attack on a man for being gay, framed as deserved punishment, best exemplifies:

In postindustrial societies, employment divisions increasingly depend on whether people:

Mid-1990s research at the University of Chicago set criteria for identifying homosexual or bisexual people. Which was not one of their criteria?

In many hunting and gathering societies, relationships between women and men tend to be:

In postindustrial United States, roughly what share of adult women participate in the labor force?

Which description fits postindustrial societies’ household patterns?

During adult gender socialization, a key similarity for women and men is that both are:

In sports-related gender socialization, boys are typically encouraged to:

A common difference in sports socialization is that girls are more often guided to:

Anthropologists Holland and Eisenhart found that peer systems for college women often:

Most crossdressers are:

________ suggested a classic "trickle-down" theory to describe the process by which members of the lower classes emulate the fashions of the upper class.

________ takes into account the complexity of social movements and makes it possible to test Neil Smelser's assertions regarding the necessary and sufficient conditions that produce such movements.

________ was a French scholar and one of the earliest theorists to provide explanations for crowd behavior; he focused on crowd psychology in his contagion theory.

"New Age" movements that direct people's behavior by emphasizing spiritual consciousness combined with a belief in reincarnation and astrology are an example of ________.

A ________ is a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity.

A(n) ________ is a highly emotional crowd whose members engage in, or are ready to engage in, violence against a specific target (such as a person, a category of people, or physical property).

A(n) ________ is a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity.

Applying convergence theory in his study of a lynch mob, social psychologist Hadley Cantril found that ________.

Aria is part of a religious movement that emphasizes spiritual awakening. The members of the movement believe that the end of the world is near and that people need to embrace their spiritual side. They conduct events to convert nonbelievers into believers and to educate them on the need for spirituality. Social movements such as this can best be classified as ________.

Environmental justice and ecofeminism are examples of ________.

In a study of audience participation, sociologist Steven E. Clayman (1993) found that members of an audience listening to a speech applaud promptly and independently but wait to coordinate their booing with other people; they do not wish to "boo" alone. Which of the following theories best explains how people in such collectivities develop their own definition of a situation and establish appropriate behavior that fits the occasion?

In the ________ of a social movement, an organizational structure develops, and a paid staff (rather than volunteers) begins to lead the group.

In the ________ of a social movement, widespread unrest is present as people begin to become aware of a problem. At this stage, leaders emerge to agitate others into taking action.

In the 1960s, African American students and sympathetic whites used sit-ins to call attention to racial injustice and demand social change. When such protests escalate into violent confrontations, these groups become ________.

In the context of sociological research on fashion, Herbert Blumer argued that ________.

Not all collective behavior takes place in face-to-face collectivities. ________ is collective behavior that takes place when people, who are often geographically separated from one another, respond to the same event in much the same way.

People attempt to influence elites, and vice versa. Consequently, a two-way process occurs with dissemination of ________, which is information provided by individuals or groups that have a vested interest in furthering their own cause or damaging an opposing one.

Radical terrorists who use fear tactics to intimidate those with whom they disagree ideologically are members of ________.

The term ________ refers to a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people.

The text observes that most sociological research on fashion has focused on ________.

To reinforce an existing generalized belief, an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur. In the context of value-added theory, which of the following conditions does this statement best illustrate?