The __________ system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands.

Healthy skin is slightly moist, soft, and __________, with a texture that ideally is smooth and fine grained.

Repeated pressure on any part of the skin can cause it to thicken and develop into a __________.

The __________ is the outermost and thinnest layer of the skin; it does not contain blood vessels and is reliant on the dermis for its nutrition for continuous cell renewal.

The __________ is the clear, transparent layer just under the skin's surface; it consists of small oval-shaped cells through which light can pass.

The __________, or grainy layer, consists of cells that look like small, distinct granules.

The layer of the skin in which the Langerhans cells reside is called the stratum __________.

The deepest living layer of the epidermis is the stratum __________.

The tiny grains of pigment deposited into cells in the basal cell layer of the epidermis and the papillary layers of the dermis that determine skin color is known as __________.

The dermis is also known as the:

Tiny involuntary muscles at the base of the hair follicles that cause goose bumps are known as __________ muscles.

The upper layer of the dermis located directly beneath the epidermis is known as the ____________.

The papillary layer accounts for ____________ percent of the dermis.

The reticular layer of the dermis supplies the skin with all its:

The ____________ layer is a fatty layer found below the dermis.

____________ nerve fibers are distributed to the arrector pili muscles attached to the hair follicles.

____________ nerve fibers react to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. These receptors send messages to the brain.

____________ nerve fibers are distributed to the sweat and oil glands of the skin and regulate the excretion of perspiration from the sweat glands and control the flow of sebum to the surface of the skin.

The __________ layer of the dermis houses the nerve endings that provide the body with the sense of touch.

Collagen is a fibrous protein that gives the skin:

There are as many as __________ types of collagen throughout the body.

__________ is a protein that gives the skin its flexibility, helping it regain its shape even after being repeatedly stretched or expanded.

Which of the following glands are found in the skin?

__________ glands are usually associated with our hair follicles, scalp, underarms, and genitals.

These coiled tubular glands excrete directly to the surface of the skin, helping regulate body temperature and eliminate waste products from the body:

The sebaceous glands of the skin are connected to the:

Sebum flows through the oil ducts to the opening at the top of the hair follicles to mix with sweat and forms the:

When the sebum hardens and the duct becomes clogged from pollution or bad hygiene, a pore impaction or ______ can occur.

This is a skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from hardened secretions, bacteria, and gaseous sacs:

The ______ supplies nutrients and oxygen to the skin.

The job of lymph is to:

When the skin acts as a highly efficient barrier that defends the body from injury; bacterial, fungal, and viral invasion; and absorption of harmful substances, it is performing which of the following functions?

When the skin responds to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain, it is performing which of the following functions?

When the skin protects the body from the environment while helping maintain a constant internal temperature of about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, it is performing which of the following functions?

When the skin allows for water, salts, minerals, and other chemical substances to leave the body as perspiration, it is performing which of the following functions?

When the skin is lubricated by sebum, keeping it soft and pliable, it is performing which of the following functions?

When the skin incorporates cosmetic substances based on their molecular size, it is performing which of the following functions?

__________ is the process of converting proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into energy.

__________ supports the overall health of the skin and aids in the health, function, and repair of skin cells. It has been shown to improve the skin’s elasticity and thickness.

__________ can be found in eggs, beef liver, carrots, sweet potato, kale, and spinach.

This vitamin aids in immune support and even speeds up the healing processes of the body.

__________ is vitally important in fighting the aging process and promotes the production of collagen in the skin’s dermal tissues, keeping the skin healthy and firm.

__________ promotes healthy, rapid healing of the skin and is an essential vitamin to support emotional brain health.

__________ helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun’s rays.

__________ helps the body respond to injuries and regulates normal blood clotting.

__________ helps the body break down nutrients from proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, supplies energy to the muscles, and is critical for red blood cell production.

Cracked skin on the feet and lips is often an early warning sign of:

Drinking excessive amounts of water can lead to a potentially dangerous condition called:

Aging factors such as sun exposure, environment, proper eating habits, getting enough sleep, and exercise are examples of ________ aging factors.

________ have the greatest negative impact on how our skin ages.

An SPF of at least 15 to 30 should be applied on all areas of the skin that could potentially be exposed to the sun ________ minutes before going into direct sunlight.

While certain pollutants may lead to irritation or other types of ________, they can affect the surface appearance of the skin and also adversely alter the health of the underlying cells and tissues.

The Fitzpatrick classification system is used to determine:

Aging of the skin can be a direct result of outside influences, such as smoking, drinking, illicit drug use, and:

Heavy or excessive intake of alcohol can, over time, lead to a condition called:

It is very important that a nail salon __________ a client who is suffering from an open wound or visibly inflamed skin.

Signs of diseases or disorders that are felt but may not be seen include:

What is a lesion?

__________ lesions are a different color than the color of the skin and/or lesions that are raised above the surface of the skin.

__________ lesions are characterized by piles of material on the skin surface, such as a crust or scab, or by depressions in the skin surface, such as an ulcer.

Excessive sweating with unknown causes is called ____________.

A foul-smelling perspiration, usually noticeable in the armpits or on the feet, is called ____________.

____________ is an acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands that is characterized by the eruption of small red vesicles and is accompanied by burning, itching skin.

____________ is a deficiency in perspiration, often a result of fever or certain skin diseases.

____________ is an inflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin.

____________ is an abnormal inflammatory condition of the skin accompanied by vesicles or papules.

____________ is a skin disease characterized by red patches covered with silver-white scales usually found on the scalp, elbows, knees, chest, and lower back.

__________ appears as a swollen, red area of skin that feels hot and tender.

__________ is a small or large malformation of the skin due to abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries.

__________ is the absence of melanin pigment of the body, including in the skin, hair, and eyes.

__________ is the technical term for freckles.

__________ is a condition characterized by increased pigmentation on the skin or dark spots that are not elevated.

__________ is an abnormal brown or wine-colored skin discoloration with a circular and irregular shape.

__________ is a skin disorder characterized by light abnormal patches and caused by a burn or congenital disease that destroys the pigment-producing cells.

__________ is characterized by milky-white spots of the skin.

According to the American Cancer Society, the C in the ABCDE cancer checklist stands for:

When you check for asymmetry, you may see that:

This infectious disease is commonly called athlete’s foot and is caused by a fungus; it thrives in dark, moist places:

This highly contagious viral infection causes blister-like clusters typically found on the skin around the mouth, nose, or genital area:

This disease is caused by a fungal infection and is referred to as ringworm of the hand:

This infection is a technical term for wart and is a hypertrophy of the papillae and epidermis:

__________ is a medical term for abnormal skin inflammation.

Contact dermatitis is caused by:

__________ is an immune response to contact allergies and irritants. It manifests in the skin by creating redness or a rash-like appearance.

In general, it takes from __________ months of repeated exposure before sensitive clients show symptoms of an allergic or irritant reaction.

A likely place for a nail technician or client to experience a skin allergy is:

The second most common reason for an allergy is:

A third problem that can cause allergic or irritant skin and nail reactions is:

What can a nail technician do to protect themselves from overexposure to potentially irritating products?