Font size
WorksheetsCancer Worksheet
Total questions: 82
Worksheet time: 41mins
Difference between benign and malignant tumors.
Benign tumors: Stay localized, do not spread, and are usually less dangerous. Malignant tumors: Spread (metastasize), invade surrounding tissue, and are more dangerous.
Benign tumors: Spread rapidly and invade tissues. Malignant tumors: Stay localized and are less dangerous.
Benign tumors: Are always cancerous and spread. Malignant tumors: Never spread and are harmless.
Benign tumors: Cause severe symptoms and metastasize. Malignant tumors: Do not invade surrounding tissue.
What factors explain the 1990s drop in cancer death rates?
Early detection, better treatment, lifestyle changes (improved diet, reduced smoking rates)
Increased pollution and industrialization
Reduced access to healthcare and fewer screenings
Higher rates of tobacco and alcohol consumption
What are carcinomas, lymphomas, leukemias, and sarcomas?
Carcinomas: Cancer of epithelial tissue (skin, lining of organs) Sarcomas: Cancer of connective tissue (bone, muscle, cartilage) Leukemias: Cancer of the blood Lymphomas: Cancer of the lymphatic system
Carcinomas: Cancer of connective tissue Sarcomas: Cancer of the blood Leukemias: Cancer of the lymphatic system Lymphomas: Cancer of epithelial tissue
Carcinomas: Cancer of the lymphatic system Sarcomas: Cancer of epithelial tissue Leukemias: Cancer of connective tissue Lymphomas: Cancer of the blood
Carcinomas: Cancer of the blood Sarcomas: Cancer of the lymphatic system Leukemias: Cancer of epithelial tissue Lymphomas: Cancer of connective tissue
Which types of cancer are declining over time? Which are increasing?
Declining death rates: Lung, Breast, Prostate, Colon/rectum; Increasing death rates: Liver, Melanoma
Declining death rates: Liver, Melanoma; Increasing death rates: Lung, Breast, Prostate, Colon/rectum
Declining death rates: Lung, Breast, Liver; Increasing death rates: Prostate, Colon/rectum, Melanoma
Declining death rates: Colon/rectum, Melanoma; Increasing death rates: Lung, Breast, Prostate
The 2 primary causes of cancer are:
Genetic mutations and environmental factors
Viral infections and poor diet
Lack of exercise and dehydration
Bacterial infections and vitamin deficiency
6. Which of the following lists includes three inherent risk factors for cancer?
Genetic predisposition, age, and family history
Smoking, alcohol consumption, and lack of exercise
Exposure to sunlight, poor diet, and infections
Obesity, stress, and high blood pressure
Which of the following are behavioral risk factors for cancer?
Smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, unhealthy diet
Regular exercise, balanced diet, adequate sleep
Vaccination, hand washing, meditation
Genetic mutations, age, family history
Social support relates to cancer in which way, and what are the 2 types?
It helps patients cope and includes emotional and instrumental support.
It increases cancer risk and includes physical and mental support.
It prevents cancer and includes medical and financial support.
It has no effect and includes social and occupational support.
Most common type of cancer in women (new cases)?
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women.
Lung cancer is the most common cancer among women.
Ovarian cancer is the most common cancer among women.
Colon cancer is the most common cancer among women.
Which cancer causes the most deaths in the US?
Lung cancer causes the most cancer deaths.
Breast cancer causes the most cancer deaths.
Prostate cancer causes the most cancer deaths.
Colon cancer causes the most cancer deaths.
Is lung cancer one of the least dangerous forms of cancer?
No. It is actually the deadliest cancer.
Yes, it is one of the least dangerous.
It is not dangerous at all.
It is less dangerous than most cancers.
Is cancer usually inherited?
No. Most cancer is caused by behavior and lifestyle, not genes.
Yes. Most cancer is directly passed down from parents.
Yes. All types of cancer are inherited.
No. Cancer is only caused by environmental factors.
What proportion of breast cancers are caused by genetic factors?
About 5-10%
About 20-25%
About 50%
About 80%
Psychosocial variables are related to the onset of cancer in which of the following ways?
They may influence cancer risk through stress and behavioral factors.
They directly cause genetic mutations leading to cancer.
They have no impact on cancer development.
They only affect recovery, not onset, of cancer.
Do psychological interventions prolong life for cancer patients?
Yes, psychological interventions prolong life for cancer patients.
No, psychological interventions do not prolong life for cancer patients.
Psychological interventions have no effect on the quality of life for cancer patients.
Psychological interventions are only used for pain management in cancer patients.
Cancer patients benefit from psychological interventions in which of the following ways?
Improved emotional well-being
Increased risk of infection
Reduced physical strength
Delayed recovery
What proportion of deaths in the US are due to chronic illnesses?
70%
30%
50%
90%
What % of adults have chronic illness? Of children?
50% of adults, 10% of children
30% of adults, 5% of children
70% of adults, 20% of children
40% of adults, 15% of children
The type of coping strategy that usually works best for patients with chronic illness is:
Emotion-focused coping
Avoidance coping
Denial coping
Substance use coping
The type of support that is usually best for people with chronic illnesses is:
Emotional support
Financial support
Occasional advice
No support
Which of the following lists three differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 is usually diagnosed in children, requires insulin, and is autoimmune; Type 2 is often adult-onset, may not require insulin, and is related to lifestyle.
Type 1 is caused by poor diet, affects only adults, and is reversible; Type 2 is genetic, affects only children, and is always fatal.
Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes have identical symptoms, treatments, and causes.
Type 1 is more common than Type 2, always curable, and never requires medication.
The effects of diabetes on a person’s overall health include:
Increased risk of heart disease, nerve damage, kidney failure, and vision problems.
Improved immune system and faster healing of wounds.
Decreased risk of high blood pressure and cholesterol.
Enhanced energy levels and better metabolism.
Type 1 Diabetes is an ______ disorder.
autoimmune
infectious
genetic
metabolic
Type 1 Diabetes usually occurs before age ______.
30
50
40
60
Type 1 Diabetes: No insulin production; must take ______.
insulin
glucose
antibiotics
vitamins
Type 1 Diabetes is not associated with ______.
weight
autoimmune destruction of beta cells
insulin deficiency
childhood onset
Type 1 Diabetes has no ______.
cure
symptom
treatment
cause
Type 2 Diabetes accounts for what percentage of all diabetes cases?
10-20%
90-95%
50-60%
70-80%
Type 2 Diabetes is now common in both ______ and ______.
adults; children
men; women
cats; dogs
teachers; students
Type 2 Diabetes: Body can make insulin but not enough or doesn’t use it ______.
effectively
quickly
randomly
rarely
Type 2 Diabetes is strongly associated with ______ weight.
higher
lower
average
stable
Type 2 Diabetes is usually managed with ______ medication, not insulin.
oral
topical
injectable
sublingual
Diabetes increases risk for which of the following?
Cardiovascular disease
Retina damage (can lead to blindness)
Sexual functioning problems
Kidney disease
Pancreatic cancer
Name one major lifestyle change required for people with diabetes.
Increasing physical activity
Eating more sugary foods
Skipping meals regularly
Reducing water intake
Describe 2 ways in which stress affects diabetes.
Stress can increase blood sugar levels and make diabetes harder to manage.
Stress can cure diabetes and lower blood sugar levels.
Stress has no effect on diabetes or blood sugar levels.
Stress only affects people without diabetes.
The three theories about the causes of asthma are:
Genetic, environmental, and immunological theories
Cardiac, neurological, and metabolic theories
Viral, bacterial, and fungal theories
Psychological, nutritional, and physical theories
Which of the following is a risk factor associated with asthma?
Exposure to allergens
Regular exercise
Low humidity
Balanced diet
Possible triggers for asthma episodes include:
Pollen, dust mites, pet dander, and smoke
Excessive water intake, sunlight, and vitamins
Lack of sleep, reading books, and drinking milk
Frequent exercise, eating fruits, and watching TV
Asthma is more common in which group: developed countries or developing countries?
Developed countries
Developing countries
Both equally
Neither group
Name one allergen that can trigger asthma episodes.
Mold
Sugar
Salt
Water
What is one irritant that can trigger asthma episodes?
Perfume
Water
Sugar
Salt
List four triggers for respiratory issues as mentioned in the worksheet.
Dust, pollen, smoke, and pet dander
Water, sunlight, sand, and metal
Sugar, salt, oil, and vinegar
Plastic, glass, wood, and stone
How does prednisone affect behavior? How does albuterol change behavior? List the effects for each medication as described in the worksheet.
Prednisone can cause mood swings and irritability; albuterol may cause nervousness and hyperactivity.
Prednisone can cause drowsiness; albuterol may cause depression.
Prednisone can cause weight gain; albuterol may cause sleepiness.
Prednisone can cause hallucinations; albuterol may cause confusion.
How has the prevalence and mortality of HIV & AIDS changed over time according to the worksheet?
The prevalence and mortality of HIV & AIDS have decreased over time.
The prevalence and mortality of HIV & AIDS have increased over time.
The prevalence has increased while mortality has remained the same.
Both prevalence and mortality have remained unchanged.
The CD4+ count is important to monitor in HIV patients because:
It helps assess immune function and disease progression.
It measures blood sugar levels.
It indicates liver function.
It determines kidney filtration rate.
AIDS is diagnosed by which of the following methods?
Blood tests for HIV antibodies
X-ray imaging
Urine analysis
Physical examination only
Primary prevention vs. secondary prevention refers to:
Primary prevention aims to prevent disease before it occurs, while secondary prevention focuses on early detection and intervention.
Primary prevention treats existing diseases, while secondary prevention prevents diseases from occurring.
Primary prevention is only for children, while secondary prevention is only for adults.
Primary prevention and secondary prevention are the same and used interchangeably.
Research shows people do not go through predictable stages of grief; reactions vary widely and are not linear. Many show resilience and some positive changes. Which of the following best summarizes what research has shown about the 'stages of grief'?
People do not go through predictable stages; reactions vary widely and are not linear.
Everyone experiences the same stages in the same order.
Grief always leads to long-term negative outcomes.
Most people experience only negative emotions during grief.
The single most preventable cause of death in the US is:
Tobacco use
Alcohol consumption
Obesity
Car accidents
What proportion of smokers die of smoking-related disease?
About half
About one quarter
About three quarters
Less than 10%
The proportion of US adults who smoked tobacco in 2022 was:
11.5%
25%
18%
5%
People who smoke typically exhibit which of the following characteristics?
Higher risk of respiratory diseases
Lower risk of lung cancer
Improved lung function
Decreased addiction potential
What is the addictive chemical in tobacco products?
Nicotine. (Toxic in large amounts; in small doses it produces psycho-physiological effects and is the primary addictive agent.)
Caffeine. (Commonly found in coffee and tea, known for its stimulating effects but not the primary addictive agent in tobacco.)
Aspirin. (A pain reliever, not found in tobacco products.)
Glucose. (A type of sugar, not related to addiction in tobacco products.)
Some people find smoking negatively reinforcing. How is smoking a negative reinforcer?
Smoking relieves nicotine withdrawal (an aversive state). Removal/relief of withdrawal symptoms reinforces continued use — i.e., the behavior removes a negative state, so it's negatively reinforcing.
Smoking increases the pleasure associated with social situations, making it positively reinforcing.
Smoking provides a sense of accomplishment, which encourages repeated behavior.
Smoking is only reinforcing because of peer pressure, not because of any internal state.
What % of smokers try to quit in a year?
About 44% of smokers make a quit attempt in a given year.
About 10% of smokers make a quit attempt in a given year.
About 70% of smokers make a quit attempt in a given year.
About 25% of smokers make a quit attempt in a given year.
How do most people try to quit smoking?
Most quit attempts are unaided. In the U.S. about 64% of those who try to quit use no formal quit program (they try on their own).
Most people use prescription medications to quit smoking.
Most people join group therapy sessions to quit smoking.
Most people use nicotine replacement therapies such as patches or gum.
What % of smokers successfully quit on their own in any given year?
An overall yearly success rate of about 4–6%, but only ~2% who try to quit on their own succeed (the lower figure refers specifically to unaided quitters and high relapse rates).
About 20% of smokers quit on their own each year.
Nearly 50% of smokers successfully quit unaided annually.
Over 10% of smokers manage to quit on their own every year.
What % of smokers who use NRT (nicotine replacement therapy) plus behavioral treatment manage to quit?
About 30–40% quit when medication (NRT/cessation meds) is combined with behavioral treatment.
About 5–10% quit when medication (NRT/cessation meds) is combined with behavioral treatment.
About 50–60% quit when medication (NRT/cessation meds) is combined with behavioral treatment.
About 70–80% quit when medication (NRT/cessation meds) is combined with behavioral treatment.
What % of smokers who use behavioral treatment (psychological interventions) alone quit successfully?
Behavioral interventions alone produce about 20–30% quit rates.
Behavioral interventions alone produce about 5–10% quit rates.
Behavioral interventions alone produce about 40–50% quit rates.
Behavioral interventions alone produce about 60–70% quit rates.
Describe the transtheoretical model as applied to smoking. Name and explain its stages.
The Transtheoretical Model (Stages of Change) — smokers move through stages.
The Transtheoretical Model suggests smokers quit only through medication.
The Transtheoretical Model ignores behavioral changes in smokers.
The Transtheoretical Model applies only to alcohol addiction.
Even when people quit smoking, they are still at risk for what?
Tobacco-related diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, lung disease, some cancers) and long-term health damage.
Immediate weight gain only.
Complete immunity from all diseases.
Improved memory and intelligence instantly.
What is the single best method for reducing smoking rates?
Raising taxes on tobacco products.
Providing free gym memberships.
Offering discounts on sugary drinks.
Increasing the number of public parks.
When was vaping invented? When was it brought to the US?
Vaping was invented in 2003 and brought to the US in 2007.
Vaping was invented in 1995 and brought to the US in 2000.
Vaping was invented in 2010 and brought to the US in 2012.
Vaping was invented in 1980 and brought to the US in 1985.
Evidence for the argument that vaping helps smokers quit vs. that it addict teens (both sides)?
Pro-cessation: E-cigs could help adults switch from combustible cigarettes and serve as cessation aids. Counterargument: E-cigs increase youth nicotine uptake, are easy to hide, deliver high nicotine levels, and often lead to dual use and addiction.
Pro-cessation: E-cigs are less harmful than water and have no effect on youth. Counterargument: E-cigs are only used by adults and never by teens.
Pro-cessation: E-cigs are banned in most countries, so they have no impact. Counterargument: E-cigs are not addictive at all.
Pro-cessation: E-cigs are only used for flavor and have no nicotine. Counterargument: E-cigs are not associated with any health risks.
What do we already know about the potential health consequences of vaping?
E-cig aerosol contains propylene glycol, formaldehyde, β-nicotyrine, metal and silicate particles, nicotine, and other toxic compounds.
E-cig aerosol is completely harmless and contains only water vapor.
Vaping has been proven to improve lung function in all users.
E-cig aerosol contains only flavoring agents and no harmful substances.
Cartridges of vape juice marked “nicotine free” may still contain nicotine.
True
False
Only in some brands
Only if imported
Weight is stable when:
caloric intake equals caloric expenditure
caloric intake exceeds caloric expenditure
caloric intake is less than caloric expenditure
caloric intake is unrelated to caloric expenditure
BMI is calculated by which of the following methods?
Weight(kg)/Height(m)2
Weight (kg) + Height (m)
Height (m) / Weight (kg)
Weight (kg) x Height (m)
Over the past half century, the ideal body type in the US has become _______, and rates of obesity have become _______.
thinner; increased (especially extreme obesity)
thicker; decreased
more muscular; stayed the same
shorter; fluctuated
A person with a BMI of 42 falls into which category?
Underweight
Normal weight
Obese (Class III)
Overweight
A person with a BMI of 17.5 falls into which category?
Underweight
Normal weight
Overweight
Obese
Obesity is defined by which BMI value?
BMI of 30 or higher
BMI of 25 or higher
BMI of 20 or higher
BMI of 35 or higher
Obesity rates in children have been changing in what way? What factors contributed?
Obesity rates in children have been increasing due to factors such as poor diet and lack of physical activity.
Obesity rates in children have been decreasing due to improved nutrition and more exercise.
Obesity rates in children have remained the same due to consistent lifestyle habits.
Obesity rates in children have been fluctuating randomly with no identifiable contributing factors.
Setpoint theory assumes what? Problems?
Assumption: Weight is regulated around a biological setpoint. When weight changes, the body pushes it back to that setpoint. Problems: Doesn’t explain why only some people become obese. Doesn’t explain large weight changes in individuals. Doesn’t explain rising obesity rates over time.
Assumption: Weight is determined solely by genetics. Problems: Explains all cases of obesity and weight change perfectly.
Assumption: Weight is not regulated and fluctuates randomly. Problems: Explains why everyone has the same weight.
Assumption: Weight is only influenced by environmental factors. Problems: Explains why setpoints never change.
Describe the positive incentive model. Advantage?
The positive incentive model says people eat because of multiple positive reinforcers such as pleasure, social context, and biological factors. Advantages: Explains how people can change their weight, explains individual differences in eating behavior, and fixes the weaknesses of the setpoint and genetic theories.
The positive incentive model states that eating is solely driven by genetic predisposition and metabolic rate. Advantages: It ignores social and psychological factors.
The positive incentive model claims that people eat only when their energy reserves are depleted. Advantages: It does not account for pleasure or social context.
The positive incentive model suggests that eating behavior is random and not influenced by any external or internal factors. Advantages: It disregards individual differences.
What would you recommend to a friend 15 lbs overweight wanting to lose weight?
Use healthy eating and exercise, avoid extreme diets, increase fruits and vegetables, and try behavioral modification such as keeping a diary of food and exercise.
Follow a strict no-carb diet and skip meals regularly.
Take weight loss supplements without changing diet or exercise.
Eat only one type of food, such as grapefruit, for all meals.
How do people with anorexia view their body?
They lose large amounts of body weight but continue to see themselves as overweight (distorted body image).
They see themselves as underweight and are satisfied with their appearance.
They are unaware of any changes in their body weight.
They believe they are gaining muscle mass instead of losing weight.
What's an effective therapy for anorexia and bulimia?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is used for both anorexia and bulimia.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is the primary treatment for both disorders.
Antibiotic therapy is commonly prescribed for both conditions.
Physical therapy is the main intervention for both anorexia and bulimia.
Describe the positive incentive model. Advantage?
Model says people eat because of multiple positive reinforcers: pleasure, social context, biological factors (e.g., blood glucose). Advantages: explains how people can change their weight, explains individual differences in eating behavior, fixes the weaknesses of the setpoint and genetic theories.
Model says people eat only when their stomach is empty. Advantages: explains why people never overeat.
Model says people eat due to genetic programming only. Advantages: explains why all people have the same eating habits.
Model says people eat because of negative consequences. Advantages: explains why people avoid eating in social situations.
What would you recommend to a friend 15 lbs overweight wanting to lose weight?
Use healthy eating and exercise, avoid extreme diets, increase fruits and vegetables, try behavioral modification, and add exercise to eating changes for better results.
Follow a strict juice cleanse for rapid weight loss.
Skip meals regularly to reduce calorie intake quickly.
Rely on weight loss supplements without changing diet or exercise.
What's an effective therapy for anorexia and bulimia?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
Antibiotic Therapy
Chiropractic Manipulation
What is the minimum amount of moderate aerobic exercise (equal to brisk walking) you should get in a week?
150 mins a week 30 mins a day
60 mins a week 10 mins a day
300 mins a week 60 mins a day
90 mins a week 15 mins a day
