It is not possible for a communications interrupt to occur while a printer interrupt is being processed.

A system bus transfers data between the computer and its external environment.

Cache memory is invisible to the OS.

With interrupts, the processor can not be engaged in executing other instructions while an I/O operation is in progress.

Digital Signal Processors deal with streaming signals such as audio and video.

The fetched instruction is loaded into the Program Counter.

Interrupts are provided primarily as a way to improve processor utilization.

The interrupt can occur at any time and therefore at any point in the execution of a user program.

Over the years memory access speed has consistently increased more rapidly than processor speed.

An SMP can be defined as a stand-alone computer system with two or more similar processors of comparable capability.

The Program Status Word contains status information in the form of condition codes, which are bits typically set by the programmer as a result of program operation.

An example of a multicore system is the Intel Core i7.

In a two-level memory hierarchy the Hit Ratio is defined as the fraction of all memory accesses found in the slower memory.

The operating system acts as an interface between the computer hardware and the human user.

The invention of the blank was the hardware revolution that brought about desktop and handheld computing.

To satisfy the requirements of handheld devices, the classic microprocessor is giving way to the blank, where not just the CPUs and caches are on the same chip, but also many of the other components of the system, such as DSPs, GPUs, I/O devices and main memory.

The processing required for a single instruction is called a(n) blank cycle.

The fetched instruction is loaded into the blank.

When an external device is ready to accept more data from the processor, the I/O module for that external device sends an blank signal to the processor.

The blank is a device for staging the movement of data between main memory and processor registers to improve performance and is not usually visible to the programmer or processor.

External, nonvolatile memory is also referred to as blank or auxiliary memory.

When a new block of data is read into the cache the blank determines which cache location the block will occupy.

In a blank multiprocessor all processors can perform the same functions so the failure of a single processor does not halt the machine.

A blank computer combines two or more processors on a single piece of silicon.

A Control/Status register that contains the address of the next instruction to be fetched is called the blank.

Each location in Main Memory contains a blank value that can be interpreted as either an instruction or data.

A special type of address register required by a system that implements user visible stack addressing is called a blank.

Registers that are used by system programs to minimize main memory references by optimizing register use are called blank.

The concept of multiple programs taking turns in execution is known as blank.

The four main structural elements of a computer system are:

The blank holds the address of the next instruction to be fetched.

The blank contains the data to be written into memory and receives the data read from memory.

Instruction processing consists of two steps:

The blank routine determines the nature of the interrupt and performs whatever actions are needed.

The unit of data exchanged between cache and main memory is blank.

The blank chooses which block to replace when a new block is to be loaded into the cache and the cache already has all slots filled with other blocks.

Blank is more efficient than interrupt-driven or programmed I/O for a multiple-word I/O transfer.

The blank is a point-to-point link electrical interconnect specification that enables high-speed communications among connected processor chips.

Small, fast memory located between the processor and main memory is called:

In a uniprocessor system, multiprogramming increases processor efficiency by:

The two basic types of processor registers are:

When an external device becomes ready to be serviced by the processor the device sends a(n) ________ signal to the processor.

One mechanism Intel uses to make its caches more effective is ________, in which the hardware examines memory access patterns and attempts to fill the caches speculatively with data that is likely to be requested soon.

A ________ organization has a number of potential advantages over a uniprocessor organization including performance, availability, incremental growth, and scaling.

An OS should be constructed in such a way as to permit the effective development, testing, and introduction of new system functions without interfering with service.

The OS masks the details of the hardware from the programmer and provides the programmer with a convenient interface for using the system.

The ABI gives a program access to the hardware resources and services available in a system through the user ISA.

The OS frequently relinquishes control and must depend on the processor to allow it to regain control.

One of the driving forces in operating system evolution is advancement in the underlying hardware technology.

The processor itself is not a resource so the OS is not involved in determining how much of the processor time is devoted to the execution of a user program.

A process consists of three components: an executable program, the associated data needed by the program, and the execution context of the program.

Uniprogramming typically provides better utilization of system resources than multiprogramming.

A monolithic kernel is implemented as a single process with all elements sharing the same address space.

The user has direct access to the processor with a batch-processing type of OS.

Both batch processing and time sharing use multiprogramming.

The phrase "control is passed to a job" means that the processor is now fetching and executing instructions from the monitor program.

In a time sharing system, a user's program is preempted at regular intervals, but due to relatively slow human reaction time this occurrence is usually transparent to the user.

The principle objective of Batch Multiprogramming is to minimize response time.

Virtualization technology enables a single PC or server to simultaneously run multiple operating systems or multiple sessions of a single OS.

The ________ is the interface that is the boundary between hardware and software.

A(n) ________ is a set of resources for the movement, storage, and processing of data and for the control of these functions.

The operating system's ________ refers to its inherent flexibility in permitting functional modifications to the system without interfering with service.

Operating systems must evolve over time because:

A special type of programming language used to provide instructions to the monitor is ________.

Hardware features desirable in a batch-processing operating system include memory protection, timer, privileged instructions, and ________.

A user program executes in a ________, in which certain areas of memory are protected from the user's use, and in which certain instructions may not be executed.

Multiprogramming operating systems are fairly sophisticated compared to single-program or ________ systems.

One of the first time-sharing operating systems to be developed was the ________.

The technique where a system clock generates interrupts, and at each clock interrupt the OS regains control and assigns the processor to another user, is ________.

The ________ is the internal data by which the OS is able to supervise and control the process.

________ is where the OS must prevent independent processes from interfering with each other's memory, both data and instructions.

________ is concerned with the proper verification of the identity of users and the validity of messages or data.

A common strategy to give each process in the queue some time in turn is referred to as a technique.

The key to the success of Linux has been its character as a free software package available under the auspice of the

An is a program that controls the execution of application programs and acts as an interface between applications and the computer hardware.

The portion of the monitor that is always in main memory and available for execution is referred to as the

is a technique in which a process, executing an application, is divided into threads that can run concurrently.

Two major problems with early serial processing systems were scheduling and

The central idea behind the simple batch-processing scheme is the use of a piece of software known as the

Any resource allocation and scheduling policy must consider three factors: Fairness, Differential responsiveness, and

A is set at the beginning of each job to prevent any single job from monopolizing the system.

The OS has five principal storage management responsibilities: process isolation, automatic allocation and management, support of modular programming, protection and access control, and

The earliest computers employed processing, a name derived by the way the users have access to the systems.

was designed to keep the processor and I/O devices, including storage devices, simultaneously busy to achieve maximum efficiency.

In a time-sharing, multiprogramming system, multiple users simultaneously access the system through

The principal objective of is to maximize processor use.

Three major lines of computer system development created problems in timing and synchronization that contributed to the development of the concept of the process: multiprogramming batch operation, time sharing, and

is a facility that allows programs to address memory from a logical point of view, without regard to the amount of main memory physically available.

Security and protection as it relates to operating systems is grouped into four categories: Availability, Data integrity, Authenticity, and

A computer platform consists of a collection of hardware resources, such as the processor, main memory, I/O modules, timers, and disk drives.

For efficiency, applications should be written directly for a given hardware platform.

A design change in the structure or semantics of the process control block could affect a number of modules in the OS.

The process control block is the key tool that enables the OS to support multiple processes and to provide for multiprocessing.

It is not the responsibility of the operating system to control the execution of processes.

The first step in designing an OS to control processes is to describe the behavior that we would like the processes to exhibit.

The OS may create a process on behalf of an application.

Swapping is not an I/O operation so it will not enhance performance.

If a system does not employ virtual memory each process to be executed must be fully loaded into main memory.

A process that is not in main memory is immediately available for execution, regardless of whether or not it is awaiting an event.

The OS may suspend a process if it detects or suspects a problem.

All processor designs include a register or set of registers, often known as the program status word, which contains status information.

The process control block is the least important data structure in an OS.

A process switch may occur any time that the OS has gained control from the currently running process.

The principal function of the OS is to create, manage, and terminate processes.

The processor itself provides only limited support for multiprogramming, and is needed to manage the sharing of the processor and other resources by multiple applications at the same time.

"The process was placed in a suspended state by an agent; either itself, a parent process, or the OS, for the purpose of preventing its execution" is a characteristic of a process.

A is a unit of activity characterized by the execution of a sequence of instructions, a current state, and an associated set of system resources.

We can characterize the behavior of an individual process by listing the sequence of instructions, referred to as a, that executes for that process.

It is the principal responsibility of the to control the execution of processes.

When one process spawns another, the spawned process is referred to as the

involves moving part or all of a process from main memory to disk.

A process is in the ______ state as soon as it is loaded into main memory.

A process is in the ______ state when it is in main memory and awaiting an event.

The OS must maintain ______ tables to manage processes.

The collection of program, data, stack, and attributes is referred to as the ______.

The ______ is the less-privileged mode.

A ______ is an individual who seizes supervisory control of the system and uses this control to evade auditing and access controls or to suppress audit collection.

A total of ______ process states are recognized by the UNIX SVR4 operating system.

The portion of the operating system that selects the next process to run is called the ______.

The ______ is a layer of software between the applications and the computer hardware that supports applications and utilities.

A process is in the ______ state when it is in secondary memory and awaiting an event.

Two essential elements of a process are ______ and a set of data associated with that code.

The ______ tables provide information about the existence of files, their location on secondary memory, their current status, and other attributes.

A significant point about the ______ is that it contains sufficient information so that it is possible to interrupt a running process and later resume execution as if the interruption had not occurred.

A ______ is a legitimate user who accesses data, programs, or resources for which such access is not authorized, or who is authorized for such access but misuses his or her privileges.

When the OS creates a process at the explicit request of another process, the action is referred to as ______.

The process is said to be operating in a ______ fashion if each process in the queue is given a certain amount of time, in turn, to execute and then returned to the queue, unless blocked.

A process in the ______ state is in main memory and available for execution.

______ tables are used to keep track of both main (real) and secondary (virtual) memory.

The process control block information can be grouped into three general categories: process identification, ______ and process control information.

A ______ is the maximum amount of time that a process can execute before being interrupted.

System access threats fall into two general categories: ______ and malicious software.

A ______ is an individual who is not authorized to use the computer and who penetrates a system's access controls to exploit a legitimate user's account.

An IDS comprises three logical components: sensors, ______, and user interface.

The OS performs a protection function to prevent unwanted interference between processes with respect to resources.

Windows process design is driven by the need to provide support for a variety of OS environments.

The unit of dispatching is usually referred to as a process or task.

In a multithreaded environment there are separate stacks for each thread, as well as a separate control block for each thread.

It takes less time to terminate a process than a thread.

If there is an application or function that should be implemented as a set of related units of execution, it is far more efficient to do so as a collection of separate processes rather than a collection of threads.

An example of an application that could make use of threads is a file server.

Termination of a process does not terminate all threads within that process.

If a process is swapped out, all of its threads are necessarily swapped out because they all share the address space of the process.

On a uniprocessor, multiprogramming does not enable the interleaving of multiple threads within multiple processes.

Any alteration of a resource by one thread affects the environment of the other threads in the same process.

In a pure ULT facility, all of the work of thread management is done by the application, and the kernel is not aware of the existence of threads.

As a default, the kernel dispatcher uses the policy of hard affinity in assigning threads to processors.

Windows is an example of a kernel-level thread approach.

The potential performance benefits of a multicore organization depend on the ability to effectively exploit the parallel resources available to the application.