This musical technique is part of many Native American, African, and African American songs. A type of antiphony, it punctuates a speaker's statements with a group's answers. Name this technique.

This musical aspect's most common examples are based on first, fourth, and fifth scale degrees. Arpeggiated versions are played one note at a time. What do we call this basis of harmony—three or more notes that are typically played simultaneously?

This musical element is often associated with tempo. Beat, meter, and accent are all components of it. What is this element--the length and placement of sounds in time?

This musical element can be strophic, rondo, or sonata. Binary and ternary are also common types of it. What word do we use to name a composition's structure?

This kind of American roots music developed out of African-American work songs. Blind Lemon Jefferson, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, Bessie Smith, and Ma Rainey were among its most celebrated performers. Identify this genre, whose songs were marked by their eight- or twelve-bar structure and melancholy lyrics.

This musical element might be defined as "the horizontal presentation of pitch." Easy ones are usually conjunct, while ragged ones that are difficult to play and sing are disjunct. Which element refers to a song's tune?

This word indicates that a piece of music should be sung or played very softly. Give this Italian word, symbolized by the dynamic marking of two lowercase p's.

This type of work was likely performed by court trumpeters of Denmark's Christian the Fourth in the 17th century. In the 20th century, Joan Tower completed several of them "for the Uncommon Woman," a play on the title of an Aaron Copland one. "Ruffles and Flourishes" is an example of what "flourish or short air played on trumpets"?

While this word originally referred to any piece meant to be played rather than sung, it eventually split into church and chamber types. It also names a musical form consisting of an exposition, a development, a recapitulation, and a coda. Identify the word that, today, usually refers to a multi-movement composition for one or two instruments, such as Beethoven's "Moonlight."

This word can mean "the range of colors used by a particular artist." It also names a thin board with a thumbhole in one end. Identify this word for a surface upon which an artist holds and mixes his or her paint.

In theater, this word is often preceded by "repertory" or "stock." A synonym of "troupe," it refers to the cast, crew, and administrative personnel needed to produce a play. Give this three-syllable word.

In this specific kind of composition, the time distance is the length of a complete phrase, while the interval distance is unison. It is cyclical, with each singer repeating his part as many times as there are voice parts singing. What is this type of canon, an example of which is "Row, Row, Row Your Boat"?

This one-word musical element is dependent on overtones and the register of a voice or instrument. It provides the color that distinguishes brass instruments from strings, or a soprano from a bass singer. Give this synonym of tone color.

In atonality, this musical element is freely associated, while multiple melodic lines interact to create it in counterpoint. Its main components are often composed of a root, third, and fifth. In many cases, which musical element consists of chords that provide accompaniment for a melody?

This type of monophonic music is sung in unison with a free rhythm. Its most famous version, sometimes called plainsong, was codified by Pope Gregory. Identify this vocal setting for psalms and canticles in Catholic services.

Rudolf Laban theorized that this dance element, which he sometimes called effort, comprised time, weight, flow, and space. Its movements could be direct or indirect, strong or light, sudden or sustained, and bound or free. Give this word.

In this type of instrumental piece, the right hand's expressive melody is accompanied by the left hand's broken chords. John Field originated the form, which Chopin perfected for piano and Debussy adapted for orchestra. Identify such a piece, with a name evocative of night.

Musical genres that do not fall under this heading include motets, oratorios, and masses. Madrigals, operas, ragtime, and jazz all fall into this category. Give the term for music that

This type of music doesn't serve a religious purpose.

In the early twentieth century, Sister Rosetta Tharpe introduced this sacred musical style to concert theaters and nightclubs. Mahalia Jackson was a leading singer in one of its styles, while its Southern version was popularized by the Gaither Vocal Band. Name this type of religious music with elements of folk and blues, which is associated with Protestant revivals.

In music, a voice's or instrument's register depends on which ones of these it can reach. The intervals between them allow them to be organized into a variety of scales. Give the word for how high or low a note's frequency is.

This type of music, which began as a 14th-century poetic form, is typically credited with popularizing word painting. The kind that emerged in the 1500s had a polyphonic texture, was performed a cappella, and almost always consisted of secular lyrics. Give the name of this Renaissance style, not to be confused with the motet.

Musical notations with this designation might take the form of a black box or a stylized number seven. The quarter type is sometimes said to resemble a chicken's beak. Identify these marks, which show that a musician should be silent for a specific length of time.

This musical term is Italian for "growing." The sheet music symbol for it resembles a "less than" sign in math. Name the dynamic direction that calls for a gradually increasing volume.

This instrument's name combines the Greek roots for "wood" and "voice" or "sound." A cousin of the marimba, it was replaced in jazz acts by the vibraphone in the 1940s. Identify this percussion instrument, whose graduated wooden bars are set on top of a resonator, and are struck with mallets.

This object with an inverted conical bore lacks both a complicated embouchure and keys. A type of fipple, or whistle, flute, it dates from the 15th century, but lost popularity when it became too soft for the growing orchestra. Identify this instrument favored by modern music teachers.

This instrument is related to the ancient Israelite instrument called the timbrel. A type of frame drum, it can have either one or two drum heads, and is played with the hand. Identify this percussion instrument, whose frame is inset with small finger cymbals called zils.

One string instrument with this name is trapezoidal or rectangular, and is played with hammers that resemble long-handled spoons. Another was developed by Scotch-Irish immigrants in the Appalachian Mountains, and is a staple of bluegrass music. What is the shared name of these instruments?

The Japanese woodwind called the shakuhachi is a variation of this instrument. Fipple ones are held upright, but transverse examples are played parallel to the ground. What is this instrument, whose most recognizable iteration is high-pitched and made from metal?

The Javanese examples of this musical ensemble usually include voices, but the Balinese types are strictly instrumental. Flutes, bowed string instruments, and drums are sometimes incorporated into these groups, which rely heavily on metallophones. What are these Indonesian ensembles, whose primary instruments are xylophones and gongs?

Among the components of this musical tool are small and large weights, a winder, gears, a casing, and a pendulum. Invented by a Dutchman, it was later replaced by electronic versions, including computer and smartphone apps. Identify this device used to mark musical tempo.

This musical accessory can be adapted into a single-string instrument known as the berimbau. It can be used to play a musical saw, or can itself be played by using the mouth or a gourd as a resonator. Give this word, which usually names a horsehair rod that plays the strings of a violin, viola, cello, or double bass.

This instrument gained popularity in the West when George Harrison played it in the Beatles' "Norwegian Wood." It consists of a long neck, deep gourd body, tuning pegs, twenty movable frets, and as many as twenty strings. Identify this staple of Hindustani music mastered by Ravi Shankar.

Somewhat paradoxically, the German type of this brass instrument is universally accepted. It developed from the trompe de chasse, a hunting horn. Identify this valved instrument, whose tubing is coiled into a large circle.

This instrument has wide, thin bars that give it a richer tone than its cousin, the xylophone. It developed independently in West African and Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, where many civilizations used gourds as natural resonators for it. Give the name for this set of graduated wooden bars that are struck by sticks or mallets.

Unlike the cornet and flugelhorn, this instrument has a cylindrical, rather than conical, bore. It is a transposing instrument with six feet of looped tubing and three valves. Identify this small, relatively high-pitched member of the brass family.

This instrument's name combines the Greek roots for "wood" and "voice" or "sound." A cousin of the marimba, it was replaced in jazz acts by the vibraphone in the 1940s. Identify this percussion instrument, whose graduated wooden bars are set on top of a resonator, and are struck with mallets.

This instrument, which Germans call the "hand harmonica," is the smallest member of the organ family. It is related to the melodeon and concertina, and incorporates buttons, a keyboard, and bellows. Identify this "squeezebox" popular with polka enthusiasts.

This instrument, which is molded into a delta shape, is suspended from a thin filament that the player holds between her finger and thumb. It is unpitched because one corner is left open, and it is struck by a metal beater. Identify this percussion instrument, a metal rod bent into a geometric shape.

This aerophone is flattened and bent during a steaming process. It relies on the second and partial third overtone, and its ritual blasts were often thought to reach God's ears. Identify this instrument made from a goat's or ram's horn.

Contemporary prodigies on this instrument include Joshua Bell and Lindsey Stirling. It was also a favorite of Itzhak Perlman, Isaac Stern, and Niccolo Paganini. Give the name of this smallest member of a string quartet.

This instrument inspired 555 pieces by composer Domenico Scarlatti. It was also a favorite of Johann Sebastian Bach, whose pieces took advantage of the instrument's plectrum abilities. Name this wing-shaped keyboard instrument, a precursor of the piano.

This type of percussion instrument shares its name with an antelope species and a Sudanese tribe. It was created around 1900 in Cuba to provide rhythm for Latin American dance bands. Give the name for this pair of small, single-headed drums that are connected to shells of the same height.

This instrument, which plays all but its highest notes in the bass clef, has four strings tuned to C, G, D, and A. Its hollow body, which is around forty-seven inches long, acts as a resonator for the plucked or bowed notes it produces. What is this string instrument, which is supported on a metal spike as it sits between the player's knees?

The first important parts for this woodwind were created by Rossini for his opera William Tell. Its pear-shaped bell gives it a soft, melancholy timbre, and it often acts as a transposing instrument. Give the two-word name of this alto of the oboe family.

This lamellophone is also known as the likembe, or the kalimba in the Caribbean. Its tuned bamboo or metal tongues attach at one end to a resonator, where a metal bar presses them down over two bridges. Give the name for an African thumb piano.

Early models of this instrument were called the Buchla, Moog, and Syn-Ket. Knobs, joysticks, sliders, or keyboards control voltage patterns to reproduce musical instruments' sounds or create computerized tones. Give the name of this electronic instrument.

In the crotales, twelve of these small, thick percussion instruments are tuned to the chromatic scale. Normally, they produce an indefinite pitch when they are played in pairs. What are these concave brass or bronze plates that make a crashing sound when struck?

This instrument, which was the work of a 19th-century Belgian inventor, ranges in size from soprano to baritone, but its alto and tenor sizes are the most popular. One of two metallic woodwinds, it is the only member of the instrument family made of brass. What is this single-reed instrument popular in jazz ensembles?

This drum's name derives from an African saying that translates as "everyone gather together in peace." Players use the bass, tone, and slap techniques to produce low, medium, and high pitches, respectively, and can make exceptionally loud sounds, given the drum's size. Identify this goblet-shaped West African drum with a goatskin head and rope-covered exterior.

This folk instrument, which may have originated with the Tatars, was standardized in the late 19th century by Vasily Andreyev. Playing technique requires rapid strumming of its three strings with the index finger. Name this instrument with a triangular-shaped body, which is especially beloved in Russia.

This Pre-Columbian instrument, which today can be made from metal or plastic, is traditionally fashioned from the fruit of the higuëro tree. Popular throughout the Caribbean, it is played with a special scraper or pick. Name this gourd with ridges carved into it.

This four-string instrument, six to ten of which appear in the modern orchestra, has a lowest-pitched string that is tuned to the C below middle C. Present in both the string quartet and larger chamber music ensembles, it doubled cello parts in the 18th century. What is this alto or tenor stringed voice, which is about two inches longer than the violin?

This string instrument has a body shaped like a tambourine, with vellum fitted over it like a drum. Slaves brought it from Africa to America, where it flourished in both the South and North.

Appalachia. What is this five-stringed instrument popular in country, folk, and bluegrass music?

This string instrument comes in soprano, concert, tenor, and baritone sizes. Some of its most popular manufacturers--Kala, Mahalo, and Lanikai--hint at its Polynesian origins. What is this small, four-stringed instrument associated with Hawaii?

This term is used instead of "percussion" to refer to certain instruments, including lamellaphones. Such instruments come in eight common types, including friction, scraped, shaken, and stamped. What family of instruments includes gongs, xylophones, and rattles?

This string instrument descended from the Arabic and Persian oud. Technically, the name applies to any chordophone whose strings are parallel to the soundboard, and run along a distinct neck. Name this instrument with a convex, pear-shaped back, which was popular during the Renaissance.

This seventeen-fretted instrument has four pairs of steel strings that are tuned to violin pitch: G, D, A, and E. The classical Milanese and Neapolitan models have pear-shaped bodies resembling the lute. Give the name of this string instrument, whose shallow, flat-backed version was played by bluegrass musician Bill Monroe.

This percussion instrument was originally paired, and was played as a cavalry instrument on camel or horseback. The European type, which is also used in American orchestras, has a membrane secured to the body by a metal hoop. What drum has a bowl-shaped shell that is often made of brass or copper?

YouTube sensations Camille and Kennerly Kitt have released over fifty singles in which they play acoustic or electric types of this instrument. The national symbol of Ireland, the orchestral variety includes a pedal that smaller, portable types lack. Identify this instrument consisting of strings stretched over a large upright frame.

Modern versions of this instrument are often made from rubberized fabric, although the traditional sheepskin is sometimes retained. The player ekes out melodies on a chanter's holes, while as many as six drones provide harmony. Identify this ancient reed instrument that has a long association with the Scottish Highlands.