WorksheetsDement and Kleitman (1957): Aims and Methodology
Total questions: 15
Worksheet time: 8mins
Which aim best captures what the study sought to demonstrate about dreaming?
Show REM sleep occurs without eye movements
Prove dreams are purely subjective experiences
Link dream content with physiological indicators
Establish that nREM is the only dreaming stage
In this setup, what does the EEG primarily measure during sleep?
Subjective vividness of dream imagery
Muscle tone across the whole body
Eye movement direction and speed
Amplitude and frequency of brain waves
A participant is awakened 5 minutes after REM begins and asked to estimate dream duration. Which variable is being manipulated?
Participant gender and demographics
Timing of awakenings during sleep stages
Use of diaries versus observation methods
Electrode placement around the eyes
Which finding best characterizes dream recall across sleep stages in the study?
Recall was equal in REM and nREM awakenings
Recall was rare in both REM and nREM
Recall was frequent during REM awakenings
Recall occurred mainly after nREM awakenings
Participants were asked to judge whether they had been dreaming for 5 or 15 minutes. What pattern of accuracy was reported?
Higher accuracy for 5-minute estimates
Higher accuracy for 15-minute estimates
Low accuracy for both durations
Equal accuracy for both durations
What relationship was found between REM period length and dream narrative length?
Correlation only for a single participant
Negative correlation between the two
No correlation was detected
Positive correlation between the two
Eye movement patterns during REM were linked to dream content. Which pairing reflects this link?
Horizontal movements with distant fixed imagery
Vertical movements with vertical imagery
Little movement with close-up actions
Mixed movements with faraway scenes
Which conclusion summarizes the study’s view on the nature of dreams and eye movements?
Dream duration cannot be judged accurately by people
Eye movements are purely random during REM sleep
Dreams are random events unrelated to REM activity
Dreams unfold in real time with related eye movements
What did the electrooculogram primarily record during the study?
Horizontal and vertical eye movements
Heart rate variability patterns
Muscle tone in the jaw
Breathing rate through the night
Which data type represents quantitative results from dream-duration estimates?
Themes of emotion within dreams
Correct 5 or 15 minute judgments
Descriptions of chasing or flying
Participant comments about realism
Which conclusion aligns with findings on eye movement and dreaming?
Eye movement patterns relate to dream content
Dreaming only happens without eye motion
Eye movement stops while dreams occur
Eye movement reflects body temperature
Which weakness concerns generalisability of the findings?
Absence of any physiological measures
Overreliance on field observations
Too many real-world settings used
Small, self-selected sample size
How did researchers decide whether to wake participants after 5 or 15 minutes of REM?
Fixed schedule identical for all
Based on continuous EEG and EOG timing
Participant preference for awakenings
Random coin toss before lights out
What was revised about measuring dream-duration estimates?
Electrodes replaced with wireless caps
Awakenings eliminated to ensure sleep
Initial method failed; procedure changed
Participants ceased giving any reports
Which statement reflects idiographic versus nomothetic balance in the study?
Combined general patterns with individual reports
Focused solely on one unusual patient
Used only group averages without quotes
Ignored differences to keep data simple