An in-depth investigation of one person or a small group over time

A controlled test that manipulates variables to establish causation

A systematic observation of behavior in a public setting

A mathematical summary of multiple experiments

Observing behavior in natural settings without manipulating variables

Combining many studies into a single statistical estimate

Interviewing one participant intensively

Assigning participants to conditions by chance to test causation

A measure of the relationship between two variables without manipulation, not implying causation

A procedure that manipulates the independent variable to produce change in the dependent variable

A ranking of scores relative to a norm group

A study of one person to generate detailed qualitative data

A single large experiment using many participants

A statistical technique that aggregates results from multiple studies to estimate an overall effect

A method for observing behavior in everyday settings

A case-focused qualitative approach

The score that occurs most frequently in a distribution

The middle score when data are ordered from lowest to highest

The arithmetic average of a set of scores

The spread of scores around the average

The arithmetic average of a set of scores

The score that occurs most frequently

The middle score in an ordered distribution

The percentage of scores at or below a given score

The percentage of scores at or below a given score

The arithmetic average of a set of scores

The middle score in an ordered distribution

The most frequently occurring score in a distribution

A measure of how spread out scores are around the mean

The most frequently occurring score

The percentage of scores at or below a given score

A measure of the relationship between two variables

The percentage of scores at or below a specific score in a norm group

The arithmetic average of a set of scores

The middle score in an ordered list

The spread of scores around the mean

A description of how a variable will be measured

A testable prediction that states a relationship between variables

The entire group from which a sample is drawn

An assignment procedure that uses chance

A statement predicting a specific effect of the independent variable

A statement that there is no effect or no difference beyond chance

A precise measurement procedure for a variable

A method for assigning participants to groups by chance

The variable measured as the outcome

The factor that is manipulated by the researcher

The group that receives no treatment

The numerical index of a relationship

The variable measured as the outcome that may change in response to the independent variable

The factor manipulated by the researcher

The participants selected from the population

The procedure for measurement

Selecting participants from a population so each has an equal chance to be chosen

Placing participants into experimental or control groups by chance to reduce confounds

Measuring variables without manipulation

Combining results from multiple studies

A precise description of how a variable will be measured or manipulated in a study

A statement that there is no true effect

The full set of people of interest to a study

An observation conducted in a natural setting

The group that receives the independent variable or treatment

The group that serves as a baseline and does not receive the treatment (may receive a placebo)

The entire population of interest

The group selected for in-depth qualitative analysis

The group that receives the independent variable or treatment

The group that serves as a baseline and does not receive the treatment

Participants chosen randomly from the population

A group observed in a natural environment

Selecting participants so each member of the population has an equal chance of being included

Assigning participants to groups by chance within an experiment

Observing behavior without intervention

Combining data across studies

The entire group of individuals relevant to a study from which samples may be drawn

The subset of individuals randomly assigned to a condition

The measure of spread around the mean

The most frequent score in a data set

The extent to which findings apply to other people, settings, or times

The process of assigning participants by chance

The numerical strength of a relationship

The middle score in a distribution

Changes in behavior or improvement due to expectations from an inert treatment

A numerical index of a relationship between variables

A method of selecting participants from a population

The average of a set of scores

Keeping participants' data private and secure

Informing participants of risks and obtaining agreement

Assigning participants to conditions by chance

Observing behavior in a natural setting

Participants are told key information about the study—including procedures, risks, and the right to withdraw—and voluntarily agree to participate

The group that receives an inert substance

A statement predicting no difference

A statistical combination of many studies

A numerical index that indicates the direction and strength of the relationship between two variables

The average score in a data set

The procedure that assigns participants by chance

A way of measuring behavior in a natural setting

-1 to +1

0 to +1

-10 to +10

-0.5 to +0.5

-.70

+.65

They are equal in strength

Insufficient information

+.08

+.33

They are equal in strength

Insufficient information

Brain region essential for forming new explicit memories

Gland that regulates metabolism by releasing hormones

Structure that controls voluntary muscle movements

Area responsible for processing visual stimuli

Specialized cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals

Protective tissues that cushion the brain from injury

Large muscle fibers that enable movement in limbs

Chemical messengers that travel across the synapse

Brief electrical impulse traveling down the axon when a neuron fires

Long-term change in synaptic strength after repeated use

Resting imbalance of ions across the neuron membrane

Chemical burst of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft

Minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Maximum firing rate a neuron can reach

Average number of synapses on a typical neuron

Point at which neurotransmitters are completely depleted

Short time after firing when a neuron cannot fire again

Interval during which neurons fire at their highest rate

Extended phase of sleep when dreams occur

Duration needed for neurotransmitters to be recycled

Cortical region primarily responsible for visual processing

Area of the brain that coordinates balance and fine motor skills

Lobe linked with auditory perception and language comprehension

Region central to decision making and planning

Division of autonomic system that prepares the body for fight-or-flight

System that calms the body and conserves energy

Network controlling voluntary skeletal muscle movements

Brain pathway that encodes long-term memories

Division of autonomic system that calms the body and restores energy

System that prepares the body for intense physical activity

Network controlling voluntary reflex arcs

Brain region that initiates fear responses

Division of peripheral nervous system controlling voluntary skeletal muscles

Autonomic system that regulates heartbeat and digestion

Neural pathway that processes pain only

Brain circuit responsible for forming emotional memories

Chemical messengers released by neurons to communicate across synapses

Electrical impulses that travel within an axon

Hormones produced by endocrine glands for body-wide signaling

Proteins that form the structure of dendrites

Persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep

Sudden uncontrollable sleep attacks during the day

Breathing repeatedly stops during sleep

Normal cycling between sleep stages

Disorder involving repeated interruptions of breathing during sleep

Condition marked by vivid dreams during NREM sleep

Sleep stage characterized by rapid eye movements

Habit of staying awake late despite feeling tired

Internal 24-hour biological clock regulating sleep–wake and other cycles

Pattern of brain waves during REM sleep only

Sequence of stages within a single sleep period

External cues like alarms that force wakefulness

Sleep stages without rapid eye movement, featuring slower brain waves

Stage characterized by intense dreaming and rapid eye movement

Short awake periods between sleep cycles

Condition where breathing repeatedly stops

Stage of sleep with rapid eye movement, vivid dreaming, and active brain

Deepest stage of sleep with delta waves and minimal dreaming

Brief transitional period between wakefulness and sleep

Phase dominated by muscle activity and movement

Theory proposing dreams result from the brain interpreting random neural activity

Idea that dreams precisely replay daily events without change

View that dreams are meaningless and purely chemical waste

Claim that dreams are controlled voluntarily by the sleeper

Smallest change in stimulus intensity that can be detected

Average intensity level of a stimulus

Maximum difference people can perceive between two stimuli

Time required to perceive any stimulus

Minimum stimulus intensity needed for detection 50% of the time

Maximum stimulus strength the senses can tolerate

Point at which sensory adaptation begins

Difference between two stimuli required for detection

Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection

Lowest level of a stimulus detectable at all

Highest intensity a person can perceive

Time interval necessary to notice a stimulus

Principle that the JND is a constant proportion of the original stimulus

Rule that absolute thresholds stay the same for all senses

Statement that perception is unrelated to stimulus intensity

Claim that sensory adaptation prevents any change detection

Memory of personal experiences and specific events

Memory for skills and procedures like riding a bike

Temporary storage of visual information for a split second

General knowledge about facts and concepts

Brief visual sensory memory lasting a fraction of a second

Long-term storage of pictures and images

Memory of personal life events

Ability to remember locations by landmarks

Tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of a list better than the middle

Improved memory when studying in short spaced intervals

Increased recall for information with emotional significance

Difficulty remembering items presented rapidly

Relatively permanent and limitless storehouse for knowledge, skills, and experiences

Short-term memory system holding about seven items briefly

Momentary sensory memory of auditory information

Working memory process used during current tasks

A lasting store of information that can be kept for years

A brief, limited-capacity store that holds information for seconds to about a minute

The initial recording of sensory input before processing

A strategy for turning experiences into code-like symbols

A passive warehouse for facts you will use later

A system for temporarily holding and actively manipulating information to perform tasks like reasoning and comprehension

A permanent record of life events

A sensory register for sights and sounds only

A store that keeps information for the entire lifespan

A brief trace of sensory information (such as sights or sounds) that fades quickly

A set of problem-solving strategies used in thinking

A measure of general intelligence

Retrieving stored information when needed

Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory

Combining new information with long-term memories only

Erasing irrelevant information from memory

Perception driven solely by raw sensory input

Perception guided by prior knowledge, expectations, and context to interpret sensory information

A method of problem solving that starts with the smallest details

A memory strategy that repeats information over and over

A temporary memory trace that lasts less than a second

A mental framework or organized knowledge structure that helps interpret information

A step-by-step formula that guarantees a correct solution

A bias that makes people ignore new evidence

Rules explaining how memories are stored over time

Heuristics for solving math problems

Perceptual rules (such as proximity and similarity) that describe how we organize parts into meaningful wholes

Standards for measuring intelligence

Depth cues that require both eyes to work together

Depth cues available to a single eye, such as linear perspective and texture gradient

Signals sent from the inner ear to maintain balance

Methods for estimating time in working memory

A tendency to approach problems in new and creative ways

A tendency to stick with familiar strategies that have worked before, even when better solutions exist

An organized knowledge framework for interpreting events

A step-by-step rule that guarantees a solution

A checklist used to evaluate intelligence

The best or most typical example of a category that represents its features

A strategy for repeating information in short-term memory

A measurement scale for aptitude tests

Seeing new uses for common objects

Failing to see alternative uses for an object because of its usual function

A method for organizing ideas into categories

A type of memory decay over time

A general rule of thumb that often works but does not guarantee a solution

A step-by-step, logical procedure that guarantees a correct solution if followed

A mental shortcut based on prior experiences

A bias that results from how choices are presented

A guaranteed solution that follows fixed steps

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that is efficient but does not guarantee a correct solution

A memory strategy for moving items into long-term storage

A test used to measure achievement in school subjects

Believing past random events affect future independent outcomes, such as expecting a win because of recent losses

Refusing to abandon a failing course of action due to invested resources

Preferring options based on how they are worded or presented

Using a prototype to judge category membership

Continuing a behavior because resources already spent make quitting feel wasteful, even when stopping would be better

Expecting a streak to change because of recent outcomes

Choosing based on the most typical example of a category

Using a step-by-step method that guarantees a solution

Storing information in long-term memory

The way information is presented influences decisions and judgments

A method of measuring depth perception

A bias that makes people ignore probabilities

Assessments designed to predict future performance or potential

Assessments that measure what a person has already learned in a subject area

Measures of innate intelligence only

Tools for diagnosing perceptual disorders

Assessments that measure current knowledge in school subjects

Assessments designed to predict future performance or potential to learn

Measures that capture only creative intelligence

Surveys of study habits in working memory

A steady decline in intelligence scores across generations

An observed rise in average intelligence test scores over decades in many countries

A rule that guarantees correct solutions to logic problems

A method for teaching test-taking skills

A personality measurement using projective tests

A standardized score derived from intelligence testing that compares performance to a normative sample

A measure of short-term memory capacity only

A scale that ranks types of learning styles

The view that intelligence is a single, general ability measured by one score

The idea that people possess several distinct kinds of intelligence (such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, and interpersonal)

A theory that defines intelligence as working memory capacity only

A method for calculating an IQ score from raw test results

How consistently a measure produces the same results over time

How well a measure actually assesses what it is intended to assess

How large the sample size is in a study

How ethical the procedures are in a study

The accuracy of measuring the intended construct

The consistency of results when a measure is repeated

The ability to generalize findings to a population

The objectivity of the researcher

Learning through association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Learning through the consequences that follow behavior

Learning that occurs suddenly through insight

Learning by watching and imitating others

A stimulus that elicits a response only after learning

A stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response

A stimulus that initially produces no response

A learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulus

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus

A reflexive, natural reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

A response that occurs only after reinforcement

A response that occurs due to maturation

A stimulus that naturally triggers a reflex

A stimulus that initially does not elicit the targeted response

A stimulus used only in operant conditioning

A stimulus that has become conditioned through pairing

A stimulus that naturally elicits a response without learning

A stimulus that has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus and now elicits a response

Any stimulus presented before the unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that reduces the likelihood of a behavior

A natural, reflexive reaction to an unconditioned stimulus

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus

A behavior weakened by punishment

A response produced only by operant conditioning

An increase in the conditioned response after rest

The weakening of the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus

The initial learning when a neutral stimulus is first paired with an unconditioned stimulus

The tendency for a response to generalize to similar stimuli

A decrease in responsiveness after repeated exposure to a stimulus

An increase in responsiveness due to reinforcement

The sudden appearance of a new behavior

The replacement of a conditioned response with an unconditioned response

Learning through association between two stimuli

Learning shaped by the consequences that follow behavior

Learning based solely on innate reflexes

Learning that occurs without any reinforcement or punishment

Events that occur before a behavior and set the occasion

Outcomes that follow a behavior and influence its future frequency

Genetic factors that determine behavior

Random events unrelated to behavior

Removing homework when a student behaves well

Adding praise or a reward after a desired behavior to increase that behavior

Giving a detention to reduce misbehavior

Ignoring a behavior so it decreases over time

Adding an unpleasant stimulus to reduce a behavior

Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a desired behavior to increase that behavior

Adding a pleasant stimulus to reduce a behavior

Withholding a reward so a behavior decreases

Adding a pleasant stimulus to increase a behavior

Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to increase it

Adding an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to decrease that behavior

Removing a pleasant stimulus after a behavior to decrease it

Removing a pleasant stimulus after a behavior to decrease that behavior

Adding an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to decrease that behavior

Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior to increase it

Adding a pleasant stimulus after a behavior to increase it