WorksheetsEvolution of Computer Networks
Total questions: 131
Worksheet time: 1hrs 6mins
Which statement best defines a computer network?
A database that stores user passwords only
A system linking devices to share resources
A single computer with large storage capacity
A collection of unrelated standalone machines
Which device category assists the transmission of data between devices?
Output devices like printers and speakers
Communication devices like modems and cables
Input devices like keyboards and mice
Storage devices like SSDs and tapes
What is the primary reason computers communicate with each other?
To reduce the size of executable files
To cool internal components efficiently
To increase screen brightness automatically
To share resources and exchange data
Which option lists only examples of communication devices?
Scanners, keyboards, mice
Monitors, GPUs, and RAM
Modems, cables, and ports
SSDs, DVDs, and flash drives
What must be established to make communication between multiple computers possible?
A local text editor application
A high-resolution display panel
A network connecting the devices
A dedicated backup power unit
In the context of networks, what does resource sharing most directly enable?
Multiple users accessing common services
Permanent deletion of all local data files
Automatic hardware overclocking for gaming
Each device running a unique operating system
Which scenario exemplifies computer-to-computer communication?
A laptop sending files through a router
A camera saving photos to local storage
A monitor displaying a video game frame
A user typing on a mechanical keyboard
Identify the role of a router in a small office network.
Cools hardware using advanced ventilation
Stores long-term archival company records
Generates graphics for engineering models
Directs data between devices and networks
A company wants laptops to access a shared printer. What is required first?
Increase the printer’s DPI setting
Connect devices within a network
Install a new graphics processing unit
Replace all cables with fiber optics
Which statement correctly contrasts devices in and out of a network?
Isolated devices always have stronger security features
Networked devices never need communication hardware
Isolated devices exchange data faster than networked ones
Networked devices can exchange data; isolated devices cannot
You must choose cabling for reliable data transfer between switches. Which is most appropriate?
Use external hard drive enclosures
Use thermal paste on connectors
Use decorative LED light strips
Use suitable communication cables
Two laptops need to collaborate on a project file stored centrally. Which setup best supports this?
Place both devices on the same network
Disable all network ports for security
Increase each laptop’s screen refresh rate
Install additional local language packs
Which statement best defines resource sharing in computer networks?
Multiple users accessing shared computing assets
Physically merging all computers into one
A single user isolating private local files
Encrypting data to prevent outside access
In the diagram with several laptops connected to a server and a printer, what resource is being shared?
A private printer owned by one user
A local battery inside each laptop
A networked peripheral available to many users
An offline backup stored on DVDs
What is a primary benefit of resource sharing for organizations?
Reduced cost through centralized devices
Higher cost by duplicating equipment
Weaker collaboration among teams
Slower access to common services
A university wants students to print from any lab computer without installing separate printers in each room. Which networking approach fits this goal?
Require personal printers for each student
Share a single network printer across labs
Disable server connectivity during classes
Replace laptops with standalone typewriters
Which early UAV-related platform appears around 1907 on the timeline?
Gyroplane prototype platform
Ruston Proctor target
DH 82B Queen Bee
Hewitt–Sperry vehicle
What is the primary distinction emphasized between early and modern UAV applications on the timeline?
Shift from only military purposes to mixed civilian uses
Change from fixed-wing to multirotor airframes
Replacement of analog radios with digital links
Transition from manned aircraft to autonomous systems
Which named UAV or system is linked with World War II era in the diagram?
V-1 Doodlebug cruise missile
Ruston Proctor aerial target
Parrot AR Drone hobby quad
AAI RQ-2 Pioneer
According to the diagram, which statement best reflects UAV use around the 2010s?
All UAVs return to fixed-wing formats
Research focuses solely on underwater drones
UAS are only used for military purposes worldwide
UAVs are used for shipping, monitoring, and control
Which milestone is associated with the term 'Queen Bee' on the timeline?
DH 82B radio-controlled target
Hewitt–Sperry pilotless aircraft
AAI RQ-2 reconnaissance drone
Parrot AR Drone consumer quad
What trend does the far-right annotation suggest about future UAV research directions?
Miniaturisation and hybrid aerial–aquatic systems
Exclusive development of larger endurance platforms
Focus on only military reconnaissance roles
Replacement of UAVs by satellites entirely
Which trend best motivates moving beyond 5G toward 6G?
Explosive growth of data‑intensive applications
Decline of smartphone and sensor usage
Stable traffic with limited multimedia needs
Reduced demand for cloud and edge services
Which limitation of 5G most drives research into 6G?
Inability to support ultra‑low latency and Tbps rates
Lack of support for mobile internet browsing
Poor compatibility with digital voice and SMS
Absence of basic broadband multimedia features
Which post‑COVID shift increases the need for advanced wireless networks?
Rise of WFH, telemedicine, online education
Reduction in remote collaboration requirements
Decreased reliance on video streaming platforms
Return to exclusively in‑person services
What was the primary capability of 1G networks?
Mobile internet browsing
Digital voice with SMS
Analog voice calling only
Broadband multimedia streaming
Which generation introduced digital voice and SMS messaging?
4G generation era
6G generation era
2G generation era
1G generation era
Which generation first enabled mobile internet access for consumers?
3G provided mobile internet
6G provided mobile internet
2G provided mobile internet
1G provided mobile internet
Which description best matches 4G capabilities?
AI‑native pervasive networks
Broadband multimedia experiences
Analog voice communication
Digital voice with short messages
In 5G, what does eMBB primarily target?
Fast speeds for streaming and VR
Massive numbers of IoT sensors
Low‑power satellite messaging
Critical ultra‑reliable responses
Which 5G service class focuses on instant, critical responses?
mMTC for machine‑type communications
URLLC for ultra‑reliable low latency
eMBB for enhanced mobile broadband
mMIMO for massive antennas
What is the goal of 5G mMTC?
Guaranteeing fiber‑like speeds at all times
Providing analog voice services to legacy phones
Delivering holographic telepresence to users
Connecting huge numbers of simple IoT devices
Which vision characterizes 6G networks?
Analog voice with circuit switching
Internet of Everything with AI‑native networks
Text‑only services with narrowband links
Fixed broadband with limited mobility
Which multiple access method is associated with early 1G systems?
OFDMA subcarrier scheduling
NOMA power‑domain multiplexing
Massive MIMO beamforming
FDMA analog techniques
Which approximate downlink rate is labeled for 5G on the evolution chart?
Between 2 and 100 Mbps
Around 20 Gbps peak rates
Less than 2.4 Kbps
About 64 Kbps peak rates
Which technologies are shown as enablers in the 6G era on the chart?
CDMA2000 and WCDMA
WiMAX and LTE‑Advanced
GSM and narrowband SMS
Blockchain and terahertz use
Which progression of data rates best matches the generational evolution?
Mbps in 1G‑2G, Tbps in 3G, Kbps in 5G
Gbps in 1G, Mbps in 2G, Kbps in 3G
Kbps in 1G, Tbps in 2G, Mbps in 6G
Kbps in 1G‑2G, Mbps in 3G, Gbps in 4G‑5G
Which application highlights why 5G cannot fully meet future needs?
Holographic communication at city scale
Email synchronization over Wi‑Fi
Basic video streaming in HD
Simple voice calls on LTE
Which capability is a limitation of 5G for autonomous systems?
Lack of IPv6 address space
Incompatibility with fiber optics
Excessive tower height requirements
Insufficient sub‑millisecond latency
Tactile Internet primarily demands which network property?
Ultra‑low end‑to‑end latency
High SMS throughput capacity
Very large antenna structures
Legacy circuit switching support
Which trio best explains why 6G is pursued beyond 5G?
Longer phone batteries, bigger screens, ringtones
Cheaper handsets, SMS upgrades, ringback tones
Analog voice codecs, fax reliability, pager revival
Holograms, autonomous driving, tactile links
Which requirement aligns with 6G data rate targets?
Up to about 1 Tbps peak
No more than 1 Gbps
Around 10 Mbps typical
Exactly 100 kbps sustained
What latency goal distinguishes 6G performance?
Above 100 milliseconds
About 50 milliseconds
Less than 1 millisecond
Near 10 milliseconds
Which phrase captures 6G connectivity scale?
A few thousand smartphones
Trillion‑level device connections
Hundreds of connected modems
Dozens of paired headsets
Peak spectral efficiency targeted in 6G is closest to which value?
Exactly 0.6 b/s/Hz
Roughly 6 b/s/Hz
Nearly 600 b/s/Hz
Approximately 60 b/s/Hz
Which outcome defines ultra‑high reliability for 6G use cases?
No need for network security
Extremely low error probability
Guaranteed infinite bandwidth
Zero energy consumption always
Universal coverage in 6G aims to include which domains?
Homes, offices, and malls
Mountains, deserts, and caves
Land, air, sea, and space
Cities, suburbs, and parks
Which improvement best supports cooperative autonomous driving scenarios?
Analog duplex voice paths
Higher SMS throughput
Sub‑millisecond latency links
Larger phone batteries
A network promising error rate near 10−9 enables which benefit?
Cheaper data-only plans
Reliable control for critical tasks
Higher ringtone audio quality
Better wallpaper resolutions
Which metric directly measures bits successfully carried per Hertz?
Spectral efficiency value
Antenna height rating
Battery endurance score
User interface latency
Why is massive connectivity central to 6G?
To support dense IoT deployments
To increase ringtone variety
To reduce phone screen sizes
To enable analog broadcasting
Which combination best matches key 6G network goals?
1 Gbps peaks, 10 ms delays, urban coverage
10 Mbps peaks, 100 ms delays, indoor coverage
100 kbps peaks, 1 s delays, local coverage
1 Tbps peaks, <1 ms delays, universal coverage
Which layer in the diagram represents AI-driven coordination across the network stack?
Dynamic spectrum access layer
Management plane services layer
Content-driven routing layer
Distributed Artificial Intelligence layer
In the infrastructure view, which domains combine to provide ubiquitous 3D coverage?
User devices, base stations, core routers
Space, aerial, terrestrial, undersea networks
Backhaul fiber, microwave links, copper lines
Core cloud, edge cloud, fog nodes
Which component is shown enabling near-device analytics in the architecture?
Real-time Intelligent Edge layer
Blockchain data lake
Undersea sensor arrays
GEO satellite control
What does the Intelligent Radio layer primarily coordinate across?
New spectrum such as THz and VLC
Quantum computing resources only
Application-layer caching strategies
Optical core switching exclusively
Which aerial platform is depicted forming an air backbone between satellites and ground?
Tethered weather balloon
Single-rotor hobby helicopter
High Altitude Platform (HAP) relay
Crewed commercial aircraft
Which technology is illustrated to secure or coordinate content-driven routing at the network view?
Blockchain integration module
Quantum annealing unit
Legacy MPLS LSPs
Analog switched trunks
Which spectrum bands are highlighted as new opportunities in green 6G?
Traditional 2G GSM
FM broadcast ranges
HF and LF bands
THz and VLC domains
Which undersea element is shown supporting maritime connectivity in the architecture?
RF/optical/acoustic links to sensors
Submarine nuclear reactors
Underwater diesel repeaters
Manual diver cable splices
Within the space network, which satellite types are explicitly indicated?
Solar observatories
LEO and GEO satellites
MEO and HEO probes
CubeSats only
What role do UAVs most likely play in this architecture’s aerial network?
Regulatory compliance auditors
Subsea cable maintenance robots
Primary data centers for AI training
Flexible relay nodes enhancing coverage
Which control or management view element supports resource coordination across strata?
Paper-based checklists
Management plane services
Static addressing tables
User handheld interfaces
Which mechanism is depicted to increase antenna adaptability within the network view?
Fluid Antenna capability
Fixed parabolic dishes
Whip monopole only
Passive RFID tags
Which phrase best captures why UAVs are being integrated into 6G networks for sustainability?
They combine flexibility with environmental responsibility
They mainly reduce satellite manufacturing costs
They increase bandwidth by using larger antennas
They replace all ground base stations permanently
Which item is listed as a routing type in UAV network structures?
Static routing protocol
Frequency-hopping protocol
Quantum key protocol
Error-correcting protocol
A planner wants routes updated before any link changes occur. Which routing family aligns with this behavior?
Hybrid routing protocol
Swarm-based routing protocol
Response-based routing protocol
Proactive routing protocol
Which pairing correctly matches purpose to protocol family in UAV networks?
All paths are immutable for mission duration — Hybrid routing
Nodes move randomly without coordination — Swarm-based routing
Geographic positions guide next-hop selection — Location-based routing
Central server schedules every transmission — Static routing protocol
A designer mixes proactive tables with on-demand discovery to balance overhead and delay. Which family best describes this approach?
Location-based routing protocol
Static routing protocol
Response-based routing protocol
Hybrid routing protocol
Which phrase best captures the primary ambition of 6G networks?
Moderate bandwidth focused on urban hotspots
Limited mobility with energy-heavy infrastructure
Incremental speed with localized coverage areas
Ubiquitous, ultra-high-speed, and sustainable networks
What data rate target is commonly associated with extreme performance in 6G?
1 Tbps data rates with ultra-low latency
5 Tbps average across all cells
10 Gbps links with moderate-latency
100 Mbps peak with best-effort delay
Which domain is explicitly included when describing seamless 6G coverage?
Rural ground networks exclusively
Space, air, ground, and underwater domains
Only terrestrial urban macro cells
Indoor enterprise environments only
Why is sustainability positioned as imperative in 6G design?
To address ICT's carbon footprint at scale
To reduce handset prices for consumers
To comply with spectrum licensing rules
To minimize tower aesthetic concerns
What architectural focus supports net-zero design in 6G?
Purely hardware-centric throughput scaling
Removing all edge computing resources
Sustainable, energy-efficient architectures
Maximizing peak spectral efficiency only
In the 6G vision, how do UAVs primarily contribute to networks?
They replace all terrestrial base stations
They act solely as user equipment cameras
They only provide recreational mapping services
They act as flexible airborne nodes for coverage
Which benefit most directly results from ultra-low latency in 6G?
Reducing device manufacturing cost significantly
Enabling immersive experiences and services
Removing the need for fiber backhaul entirely
Eliminating interference across all cells
What does seamless coverage aim to integrate?
Single-vendor closed ecosystems
Exclusive satellite backhaul links
Only higher carrier frequencies
Connectivity across heterogeneous domains
Which statement best explains why UAVs are important for capacity?
They eliminate handover across any cell type
They reduce the need for antennas on devices
They permanently fix coverage in one static area
They dynamically extend coverage where needed most
Which concept connects green communication with 6G targets?
Isolating networks from renewable energy use
Prioritizing aesthetics over network function
Maximizing throughput regardless of power draw
Balancing performance with environmental responsibility
A network planner wants to add capacity during a public event. Which 6G feature aligns with this need?
Deploy UAV airborne nodes for on-demand cells
Throttle user data rates to maintain fairness
Switch off small cells to save energy quickly
Delay traffic through higher-latency routers
Which trade-off is central to net-zero 6G network operations?
Performance versus energy consumption balance
Bandwidth versus device screen brightness
Coverage versus spectrum licensing costs
Latency versus user mobility constraints
Which of the following best describes extreme performance goals in 6G?
High throughput and ultra-low latency together
Only larger cells with fewer handovers
Exclusive reliance on sub-6 GHz spectrum
Peak download speed regardless of jitter
In a coastal city with ferries and drones, what ensures user connectivity across environments?
Wi-Fi offload as the sole access solution
Single macrocell with extended downtilt only
Separate networks for each transport mode
Integrated space–air–ground–sea networking
A sustainability audit targets radio sites with high power draw. Which action aligns with 6G net-zero design?
Disable sleep modes to avoid wakeup delay
Adopt energy-efficient architectures and operations
Lock devices to maximum modulation always
Increase transmit power to reduce retries
How do UAVs help maintain service during infrastructure failures?
Provide rapid, temporary aerial base stations
Divert user traffic to wired PSTN lines
Deactivate edge computing to save energy
Replace satellites for intercontinental links
Which metric pair best reflects immersive 6G services?
High bandwidth and low latency together
High jitter and high packet loss combined
Low bandwidth and high buffering delay
Moderate throughput and random delay
What is a realistic misconception about seamless coverage that should be avoided?
It supports mobility across heterogeneous links
It spans space, air, ground, and underwater
It eliminates the need for domain integration work
It requires integrated cross-domain connectivity
Which deployment strategy best reduces carbon impact while meeting demand spikes?
Use on-demand UAV cells with energy-aware control
Ignore energy metrics during busy periods
Run all base stations at full power continuously
Replace UAVs with fixed towers for every area
A city plans smart bins and telehealth with reliable links. Which 6G capability supports both at scale?
Ubiquitous, sustainable ultra-high-speed networking
Satellite-only links with high round-trip delay
Isolated private networks without interoperability
Narrowband-only connectivity for low data needs
Which role best describes a UAV acting as part of a 6G network during emergencies?
Legacy microwave backhaul tower substitute
End-user handheld device for local access
Aerial base station or intelligent relay node
Static terrestrial base station replacement only
What does dynamic deployment of UAVs primarily enable in 6G scenarios?
Exclusive satellite-only communication routing
Rapid positioning to remote or disrupted regions
Permanent infrastructure densification everywhere
Costly long-term tower construction planning
On-demand coverage by UAVs is most valuable when which condition holds?
Fiber backhaul is recently upgraded and idle
Fixed infrastructure is insufficient or damaged
Spectrum is entirely unlicensed and abundant
User density is predictably uniform all day
Aerial base stations link to which control component on the ground, as shown in the diagram?
Mobile edge exchange cluster
Ground Control Station (GCS)
Public switched telephone network
Distributed power regulation unit
A network planner must restore service after a flood cuts power and damages towers across several villages. Which strategy best leverages UAV flexibility for green communication?
Deploy diesel generators to power all damaged towers
Throttle users until terrestrial repairs are complete
Launch UAV relays providing temporary aerial coverage
Wait for fiber crews to rebuild terrestrial backhaul
Which misconception about UAV-assisted coverage is most accurate to refute?
UAVs cannot act as relays bridging user devices
UAVs require long construction timelines to deploy
UAVs provide instant coverage when infrastructure fails
UAVs can only be used where infrastructure is perfect
Which technique primarily reduces propulsion energy by planning efficient flight paths for UAVs?
Machine learning based traffic prediction
Adaptive transmission power control schemes
Trajectory optimization with intelligent routing
Solar panel assisted payload control
What is the main goal of adaptive protocols in green UAV communication?
Increase data rate without constraints
Reduce transmission power while meeting QoS
Maximize altitude regardless of energy
Eliminate need for ground infrastructure
Which approach extends mission duration by adding energy sources to the UAV platform?
Energy harvesting using solar and wireless transfer
AI-driven fleet coordination across subsystems
Trajectory smoothing through altitude holding
Protocol switching between licensed bands
A mission planner must balance energy across sensing, flight, and communication subsystems ahead of time. Which technique best supports this requirement?
Manual throttle tuning during cruise
AI-driven management with predictive control
Static routing with fixed waypoints
Single-hop relaying with constant power
A UAV needs to serve ground users with minimal energy while keeping service levels acceptable. Which combined strategy most directly addresses this?
Fixed bitrate links with conservative modulation
Higher cruising altitude with maximum transmission power
Adaptive protocols coupled with trajectory optimization
Random waypoint motion with periodic retransmissions
Which statement best defines the foundational role of UAV-assisted green communication in 6G networks?
It is a cornerstone for achieving net-zero, ubiquitous 6G networks
It replaces terrestrial towers with satellites in all regions
It eliminates the need for energy management in radio access
It focuses solely on higher throughput without efficiency goals
Which elements most directly compose the innovation pipeline to unlock UAVs' full potential for sustainable 6G?
Energy management, enabling technologies, and system design
Spectrum auctions, user pricing, and data caps
Marketing strategies, app ecosystems, and user growth
Legacy 4G protocols, macro towers, and copper backhaul
A consortium plans a roadmap to realize net-zero 6G with UAV support. Which first-year action is most aligned with required collective action?
Delay standards engagement until after product launch phases
Prioritize exclusive corporate research with closed intellectual property
Establish cross-sector collaboration between academia, industry, and policymakers
Rely on a single vendor to define all air-interface features
Which outcome best captures the overarching goal of a sustainable 6G future emphasized in the material?
Expand UAV fleets without considering energy consumption metrics
Achieve urban coverage only, postponing rural sustainability
Maximize spectral usage regardless of environmental externalities
Elevate global connectivity while protecting the planet for future generations
Which factor primarily determines how long a small UAV can stay airborne before recharge?
Battery constraints limiting available minutes
Weather variability across flight corridors
Backhaul latency from ground stations
Regulatory limits on radio emissions
Which set lists the three dominant contributors to UAV energy consumption in green 6G deployments?
Propulsion systems, communication payloads, hovering stability
Antenna arrays, spectrum sensing, beam training
Thermal cameras, GNSS modules, obstacle sensors
Edge caching, path planning, blockchain consensus
A UAV hovers to serve a hotspot for fifteen minutes. Which energy term increases most due to stationary lift?
Synchronization energy for GNSS updates
Propulsion energy for rotor hover operations
Compute energy for onboard AI inference
Charging energy from solar side panels
Why is extending UAV operational lifetime critical for 6G sustainability at scale?
It eliminates interference across heterogeneous networks
Longer flights guarantee perfect channel state information
Longer missions reduce swap cycles and energy overhead
It enables unlimited bandwidth for all users everywhere
Which component directly harvests energy to power the UAV base station in a solar-powered setup?
Thermoelectric hull generators
Wind-driven microturbine blades
High-density lithium supercaps
Photovoltaic panels on the platform
Recent solar UAV prototypes report which flight endurance improvement over battery-only systems?
Unchanged endurance under one hour
Slightly longer endurance around two hours
More than double endurance over five hours
Reduced endurance due to added mass
A 30% energy reduction in solar-powered UAV base stations primarily implies what operational benefit for 6G coverage?
Lower consumption enabling longer on-station time
Higher peak throughput regardless of power
Instantaneous charging without storage needs
Unlimited range independent of sunlight
Why do solar-powered UAV base stations enable persistent infrastructure rather than temporary deployments?
They integrate renewable charging for continuous operation
They remove the need for any batteries entirely
They require frequent manual swap of UAV frames
They rely on tethered ground power for stability
Which subsystem manages the energy flow from panels to storage and loads in the depicted system?
Floating base providing hydrodynamic lift
Charge controller between panels and batteries
Transmitter adjusting RF beam patterns
Wireless receiver inside the airframe
A team plans continuous aerial coverage with solar UAVs in mixed weather. Which strategy best sustains 5+ hours endurance?
Oversize panels with energy-aware scheduling
Reduce panels to cut drag and mass
Disable storage to avoid conversion losses
Rely solely on daytime wind gust power
Which scenario best illustrates the payload trade-off challenge in UAV-assisted 6G networks?
Using minimal avionics to increase thermal management capacity
Mounting extra sensors without affecting flight endurance
Adding heavier batteries to reduce propulsion energy needs
Choosing smaller batteries to carry phased-array radios
What is the main goal of protocol standardization for UAV-assisted green communication?
Enable any legacy ground protocol without adaptation
Create UAV-specific, energy-aware communication procedures
Mandate identical hardware across all UAV platforms
Increase throughput regardless of power constraints
Which regulatory focus is most critical for large-scale commercial UAV deployment in 6G?
Maximizing payload mass and flight altitude
Reducing the number of base stations in cities
Safety constraints and airspace certification processes
Eliminating beyond-visual-line-of-sight operations
A designer must ensure ultra-energy-efficient coverage using UAVs and intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS). Which approach aligns with hybrid systems research?
Deploying fiber backhaul to every rooftop node
Using only UAVs without reflective metasurfaces
Relying solely on terrestrial macro base stations
Integrating UAV relays with passive IRS beam steering
You are tasked with planning a UAV mission carrying both energy harvesting hardware and advanced radios. Which planning choice best balances payload trade-offs for endurance and connectivity?
Prioritize heaviest batteries to avoid protocol optimization
Defer payload analysis until after certification testing
Select lightweight radios and modular harvesters after weight audits
Maximize sensor count because sensing improves navigation
Which item best captures the SLA-focused architectural challenge highlighted for 6G?
Peak throughput without delay constraints
Guaranteed QoS with ultra-low latency
Best-effort delivery over shared links
Opportunistic access with random delays
API-driven network customization in 6G most directly relies on which architectural concept?
Static provisioning via CLI scripts
Proprietary middleware without APIs
Service-based architecture with RESTful APIs
Monolithic core with fixed interfaces
In the diagram, AI networks are listed as an architectural challenge. What role is emphasized?
Replacing all radios with AI antennas
Outsourcing AI to external clouds only
Eliminating automation in core networks
Embedding AI functions across network layers
What does the '100% coverage' architectural challenge primarily point to?
Single macrocell with higher power
Indoor Wi‑Fi replacement strategies
Only dense urban small-cell layouts
Non-terrestrial networks such as satellites
Which technological challenge addresses area expansion in 6G?
High Altitude Platform Stations for coverage
Massive MIMO in suburban rooftops
Fiber backhaul to every small cell
Edge caching for video streaming
Frequency expansion in 6G is depicted using which bands or methods?
Terahertz and optical communication links
Sub‑GHz long-range narrowband only
HF shortwave reflection techniques
Exclusive millimeter-wave reuse schemes
Which item represents frequency utilization in the diagram?
Using only licensed cellular spectrum
Maximizing radio wave use efficiency
Allocating exclusive bands to one operator
Disabling dynamic spectrum sharing
Radio wave usage expansion mentions sensing and positioning. What capability does this suggest for 6G devices?
Integrated joint communication and sensing
Pure beamforming without measurements
Voice-only telephony without data
Standalone GPS with no networking
The charging/power supply challenge for radio wave usage expansion most closely explores what idea?
Ignoring energy needs in IoT design
Mandating wired charging for base stations
Replacing batteries with heavier packs
Wireless energy transfer for devices and sensors
Which security approach is explicitly noted among the challenges?
Air-gapped base stations everywhere
Quantum encryption for network protection
Simple password rotation policies
Obscurity-based proprietary ciphers
What does the resilience-related challenge emphasize for 6G infrastructure?
Recovery across networks and servers
Only device-side redundancy features
One-time backups at deployment
Focusing solely on radio hardware
Which social challenge targets environmental impact in 6G development?
Maximizing device refresh frequency
Preferring energy-inefficient cooling
Achieving carbon-free, net-zero networks
Expanding diesel generator usage