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Cells

Total questions: 60

Worksheet time: 30mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Select all organelles and cell parts that are correctly matched to their primary function.

a)

Mitochondria — ATP production through cellular respiration

b)

Ribosomes — protein synthesis

c)

Lysosomes — photosynthesis

d)

Golgi apparatus — modifies and packages proteins

e)

Nucleus — lipid synthesis

2.

What contribution was Hooke responsible for?

a)

First described cells after observing cork and coined the term "cell"

b)

Proposed all plants are made of cells

c)

Discovered microorganisms using a single-lens microscope

d)

Determined that cells come from pre-existing cells

3.

What contribution was Leeuwenhoek responsible for?

a)

Observed and described "animalcules" (microorganisms) with improved lenses

b)

Proposed all plants are made of cells

c)

Coined the term "cell" after viewing cork

d)

Stated that cells come from pre-existing cells

4.

What contribution was Schleiden responsible for?

a)

Proposed that all plants are made of cells

b)

Proposed that all animals are made of cells

c)

Coined the term "cell" after viewing cork

d)

Observed microorganisms with a simple microscope

5.

What contribution was Schwann responsible for?

a)

Proposed that all animals are made of cells and helped establish cell theory

b)

Proposed that all plants are made of cells

c)

Coined the term "cell" after viewing cork

d)

Stated that cells arise from pre-existing cells

6.

What contribution was Virchow responsible for?

a)

Stated that cells arise from pre-existing cells

b)

Coined the term "cell" after viewing cork

c)

Observed microorganisms with improved lenses

d)

Proposed that all animals are made of cells

7.

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

a)

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; eukaryotes have both

b)

Prokaryotes are always multicellular; eukaryotes are always unicellular

c)

Prokaryotes perform photosynthesis; eukaryotes do not

d)

Prokaryotes carry DNA in multiple linear chromosomes; eukaryotes in a single circular chromosome

8.

Select the types of passive transport we discussed in class.

a)

Simple diffusion

b)

Osmosis

c)

Facilitated diffusion

d)

Endocytosis

e)

Sodium–potassium pump

9.

Select the types of active transport we discussed in class.

a)

Sodium–potassium pump

b)

Endocytosis

c)

Exocytosis

d)

Osmosis

e)

Simple diffusion

10.

What is the difference between osmosis and diffusion?

a)

Osmosis moves any molecules from high to low concentration, while diffusion moves water only through a membrane

b)

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, while diffusion is the movement of any particles down their concentration gradient

c)

Osmosis requires ATP to move water, while diffusion never occurs without energy

11.

What types of membrane transport require energy (ATP)?

a)

Simple diffusion

b)

Facilitated diffusion

c)

Osmosis

d)

Active transport (e.g., pumps)

e)

Bulk transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)

12.

Which types of membrane transport do not require energy (ATP)?

a)

Simple diffusion

b)

Facilitated diffusion

c)

Osmosis

d)

Active transport (e.g., pumps)

e)

Bulk transport (endocytosis and exocytosis)

13.

Compare and contrast facilitated diffusion and active transport. Choose the statement that correctly gives one similarity and one difference.

a)

Both move substances down their gradients using membrane proteins; facilitated diffusion requires ATP while active transport does not

b)

Both use membrane proteins to move substances; facilitated diffusion moves down the gradient without ATP, while active transport moves against the gradient using ATP

c)

Neither uses proteins, and both require ATP to move substances across the membrane

14.

How are pinocytosis and phagocytosis similar?

a)

Both are forms of exocytosis that release materials from the cell

b)

Both are forms of endocytosis that use vesicles formed from the plasma membrane to bring materials into the cell

c)

Both specifically import large solid particles only

15.

How are pinocytosis and phagocytosis different?

a)

Pinocytosis takes in extracellular fluid and dissolved solutes, while phagocytosis engulfs large particles or cells

b)

Pinocytosis expels fluids from the cell, while phagocytosis expels solids

c)

Pinocytosis requires no membrane involvement, while phagocytosis uses membrane-bound vesicles

16.

Explain why the membrane is compared to a fluid mosaic (refer to both terms).

a)

It is rigid like a solid wall and built from identical repeating units

b)

Lipids and proteins can move laterally, giving fluidity, and the membrane contains a diverse "mosaic" of phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates

c)

It flows because only lipids are present and there are no proteins

17.

How are endocytosis and exocytosis similar?

a)

Both transport materials using membrane-bound vesicles and require energy for membrane fusion or budding

b)

Both move materials only down their concentration gradients without using energy

c)

Both occur only in plant cells and not in animal cells

18.

How do endocytosis and exocytosis differ?

a)

Endocytosis brings materials into the cell via vesicle formation, while exocytosis releases materials to the outside by vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane

b)

Endocytosis releases materials to the outside, while exocytosis brings them in

c)

Endocytosis and exocytosis are identical processes with no directional difference

19.

Explain what will happen to a cell placed in a hypertonic solution, and briefly explain why.

a)

The cell swells because water enters due to higher solute concentration inside the cell

b)

The cell shrinks because water leaves toward the higher external solute concentration

c)

The cell shows no net change because internal and external solute concentrations are equal

20.

Explain what will happen to a cell placed in a hypotonic solution, and briefly explain why.

a)

The cell shrinks because water leaves toward the higher external solute concentration

b)

The cell swells, and may lyse, because water enters from the lower external solute concentration

c)

The cell shows no net change because internal and external solute concentrations are equal

21.

Explain what will happen to a cell placed in an isotonic solution, and briefly explain why.

a)

The cell swells because external solute concentration is lower

b)

The cell shrinks because external solute concentration is higher

c)

The cell shows no net change in volume because water movement is balanced at equal solute concentrations inside and outside

22.

Label the indicated structures and describe their function in the diagram of an animal cell with numbered pointers 1–5.

a)

1 points to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, which synthesizes and transports proteins

b)

1 points to the nucleus, which stores genetic material

c)

1 points to the Golgi apparatus, which packages lipids

d)

1 points to the lysosome, which digests old organelles

23.

Label the indicated structures and describe their function in the diagram of an animal cell with numbered pointers 1–5.

a)

2 is the nucleolus, which produces ribosomal subunits

b)

2 is a vacuole, which stores water and ions

c)

2 is a centriole, which organizes microtubules

d)

2 is a mitochondrion, which makes ATP

24.

Label the indicated structures and describe their function in the diagram of an animal cell with numbered pointers 1–5.

a)

3 is a mitochondrion, which generates ATP through cellular respiration

b)

3 is the Golgi apparatus, which modifies proteins

c)

3 is a ribosome, which synthesizes lipids

d)

3 is a lysosome, which stores DNA

25.

Label the indicated structures and describe their function in the diagram of an animal cell with numbered pointers 1–5.

a)

4 is the cell (plasma) membrane, which regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell

b)

4 is the cytoskeleton, which provides internal transport

c)

4 is the nucleolus, which makes DNA

d)

4 is the Golgi body, which performs photosynthesis

26.

Label the indicated structures and describe their function in the diagram of an animal cell with numbered pointers 1–5.

a)

5 is the Golgi apparatus, which modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids

b)

5 is a mitochondrion, which stores genetic information

c)

5 is the rough ER, which replicates DNA

d)

5 is the vacuole, which performs protein synthesis

27.

Identify the solutions in the pictures of red blood cells labeled Shriveled, with H2O movement shown.

a)

Hypertonic solution

b)

Isotonic solution

c)

Hypotonic solution

d)

Pure water with no solutes

28.

Identify the solutions in the pictures of red blood cells labeled Normal, with H2O movement shown.

a)

Hypertonic solution

b)

Isotonic solution

c)

Hypotonic solution

d)

Supersaturated solution

29.

Identify the solutions in the pictures of red blood cells labeled Lysing, with H2O movement shown.

a)

Hypertonic solution

b)

Isotonic solution

c)

Hypotonic solution

d)

Nonpolar solution

30.

What is the cellular structure pictured to the right, showing a round head with two wavy tails?

a)

A phospholipid

b)

A monosaccharide

c)

A steroid hormone

d)

A nucleic acid

31.

Where (specifically) is this structure found in the cell?

a)

Embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

b)

Inside the nucleolus

c)

In the mitochondrial matrix

d)

Free-floating in the cytosol only

32.

Label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions of this molecule pictured to the right.

a)

The phosphate head is hydrophilic; the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic

b)

The phosphate head is hydrophobic; the fatty acid tails are hydrophilic

c)

Both head and tails are hydrophilic

d)

Both head and tails are hydrophobic

33.

What other organic compounds make up the cell membrane in addition to phospholipids?

a)

Proteins

b)

Carbohydrates

c)

Nucleic acids

d)

Cholesterol

34.

What are the functions of the organic compounds in the cell membrane?

a)

Proteins form channels, carriers, and receptors for transport and signaling

b)

Carbohydrates on the membrane mediate cell recognition and adhesion

c)

Cholesterol modulates membrane fluidity and stability

d)

Cholesterol primarily catalyzes DNA replication

35.

Complete the sentence using a term from the word bank: A(n) ________ allows only certain molecules to pass through it.

a)

semi-permeable membrane

b)

isotonic solution

c)

osmosis

d)

facilitated diffusion

e)

bulk transport

36.

Complete the sentence using a term from the word bank: The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is ________.

a)

diffusion

b)

active transport

c)

bulk transport

d)

facilitated diffusion

e)

hypertonic solution

37.

Complete the sentence using a term from the word bank: The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane is called ________.

a)

osmosis

b)

hypotonic solution

c)

isotonic solution

d)

active transport

e)

bulk transport

38.

Complete the sentence using a term from the word bank: In a(n) ________, the concentration of solutes outside the cell is higher than the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

a)

hypertonic solution

b)

hypotonic solution

c)

isotonic solution

d)

facilitated diffusion

e)

active transport

39.

Complete the sentence using a term from the word bank: The concentration of solutes in a(n) ________ is lower outside the cell than the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

a)

hypotonic solution

b)

hypertonic solution

c)

isotonic solution

d)

bulk transport

e)

diffusion

40.

Complete the sentence using a term from the word bank: The concentration of solutes in a(n) ________ equals the concentration of solutes inside the cell.

a)

isotonic solution

b)

hypertonic solution

c)

hypotonic solution

d)

active transport

e)

osmosis

41.

Complete the sentence using a term from the word bank: The use of carrier proteins for diffusion is called ________.

a)

facilitated diffusion

b)

bulk transport

c)

active transport

d)

osmosis

e)

isotonic solution

42.

Complete the sentence using a term from the word bank: The process of ________ is defined as the use of energy to carry molecules across the membrane.

a)

active transport

b)

diffusion

c)

facilitated diffusion

d)

osmosis

e)

isotonic solution

43.

Complete the sentence using a term from the word bank: In the process of ________, large molecules, food, and other substances are packaged and moved across the membrane.

a)

bulk transport

b)

osmosis

c)

diffusion

d)

isotonic solution

e)

facilitated diffusion

44.

Using the microscope diagram, answer: What is the function of the diaphragm?

a)

To control the amount of light passing through the specimen

b)

To magnify the image

c)

To hold the slide in place

d)

To move the stage up and down

e)

To switch between objective lenses

45.

Using the microscope diagram, answer: What must you do to change the objective lens through which you are viewing a specimen?

a)

Rotate the revolving nosepiece

b)

Adjust the diaphragm

c)

Turn the coarse adjustment knob

d)

Move the slide to a new position

e)

Increase the light intensity

46.

Using the microscope diagram, answer: What knob is turned to focus on low power?

a)

Coarse adjustment knob

b)

Fine adjustment knob

c)

Diaphragm lever

d)

Stage clip

e)

Light switch

47.

Using the microscope diagram, answer: Compound means ______ ________.

a)

two sets of lenses are used

b)

one lens is used

c)

the microscope uses an electron beam

d)

magnification is digital only

e)

the light source is external

48.

Using the microscope diagram, answer: Eyepiece = 10x; Objective = 45x. What is the total magnification of the specimen?

a)

450x

b)

45x

c)

55x

d)

10x

e)

90x

49.

Compare plant and animal cells. Select all statements that correctly describe differences between plant and animal cells.

a)

Plant cells have a cell wall; animal cells do not.

b)

Plant cells contain chloroplasts; animal cells do not.

c)

Plant cells typically have one large central vacuole; animal cells have smaller vacuoles.

d)

Animal cells usually have more prominent lysosomes and centrioles than plant cells.

50.

What are the three parts of the Cell Theory? Select all correct statements.

a)

All living things are composed of cells.

b)

Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.

c)

All cells come from pre‑existing cells.

d)

All cells contain a nucleus.

e)

All organisms have cell walls.

51.

What three scientists contributed to the Cell Theory? Select all correct names.

a)

Matthias Schleiden

b)

Theodor Schwann

c)

Rudolf Virchow

d)

Robert Hooke

e)

Louis Pasteur

52.

What is plasmolysis?

a)

The bursting of a cell in a hypotonic solution

b)

The shrinking of a cell’s cytoplasm and membrane away from the cell wall due to water loss in a hypertonic solution

c)

The division of a cell into two daughter cells

d)

The active transport of solutes across the membrane

53.

Describe what happens to a cell that causes plasmolysis.

a)

Water enters the cell, increasing turgor pressure

b)

Water leaves the cell by osmosis in a hypertonic environment, causing the membrane to pull away from the wall

c)

Solutes are pumped into the cell by active transport

d)

The nucleus dissolves and the cell lyses

54.

During the plasmolysis lab, what was the purpose of using both salt solution and distilled water?

a)

To observe diffusion of gases

b)

To compare a hypertonic solution (salt) with a hypotonic solution (distilled water) and show the direction of water movement by osmosis

c)

To test the effect of temperature on enzymes

d)

To measure the pH change during fermentation

55.

During the diffusion lab the dialysis bag was used as a model of the cell. What part of the cell did the bag represent?

a)

Cell wall

b)

Selectively permeable cell membrane

c)

Nucleus

d)

Mitochondrion

56.

During the diffusion lab the dialysis bag was used as a model of the cell. What part of the cell does the solution inside the bag represent?

a)

Cytoplasm

b)

Cell wall

c)

Extracellular fluid

d)

Nuclear envelope

57.

During the diffusion lab the dialysis bag was used as a model of the cell. What does the fluid outside of the bag represent in terms of a cell?

a)

Cytoplasm

b)

Extracellular environment surrounding the cell

c)

Nucleus

d)

Golgi apparatus

58.

The dialysis bag should have turned blue after incubating in the plastic cup filled with water and iodine. How can you explain this?

a)

Iodine diffused into the bag and reacted with starch inside, forming a blue‑black complex

b)

Water reacted chemically to produce blue pigment

c)

The bag leaked starch out, turning the cup blue

d)

Glucose reduced iodine to form blue color

59.

What color would you expect for the dialysis bag if the experiment started with glucose and iodine inside the bag and starch in the plastic cup? Explain.

a)

Blue‑black

b)

Amber/brown (iodine color) without blue‑black

c)

Colorless

d)

Green

60.

What color would you expect for the plastic cup if the experiment started with glucose and iodine inside the bag and starch in the plastic cup? Explain.

a)

Blue‑black because iodine diffused out of the bag and reacted with starch in the cup

b)

Amber/brown because starch stayed in the cup without iodine

c)

Colorless because nothing diffused

d)

Red due to glucose reacting with starch

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