What is the composition of the skull bones in terms of external and internal tables?

Which bone is perforated by the infraorbital foramen below the orbit?

A patient presents with a head injury, and imaging reveals a fracture at the pterion. What is the significance of this finding?

A person experiences difficulty in voice resonance, and examination shows abnormalities in the frontal air sinuses. Which bone is likely affected?

Which part of the skull contains the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata?

Which bone forms the majority of the middle cranial fossa?

What structure passes through the foramen magnum?

A patient presents with symptoms of hearing loss and imbalance. Which structure might be affected based on the symptoms?

A patient sustains a head injury, resulting in a fracture at the pterion. What potential complications should be considered due to this fracture location?

Which structure forms the majority of the floor of the fourth ventricle in the medulla oblongata?

Which structure emerges from the groove between the pyramid and the olive in the medulla oblongata?

At which level of the medulla oblongata does the decussation of the pyramids occur?

A patient presents with difficulty swallowing and hoarseness of voice. Which nuclei in the medulla oblongata are likely affected?

A patient experiences vertigo and loss of balance. Which structure in the medulla oblongata is likely implicated?

Where does decussation occur in the corticospinal tract?

What is the main function of the middle cerebellar peduncle on the pons?

Which nerve emerges on the anterolateral surface of the pons?

A patient presents with difficulty in coordinating voluntary movements and shows signs of contralateral motor impairment. Which part of the brainstem is likely affected?

A lesion is observed in the area of the pons responsible for connecting the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum. What specific motor functions might be affected in the patient?

What structures are found on the posterior surface of the midbrain?

Which nucleus lies beneath the corresponding surface elevation of the inferior colliculus and forms part of the auditory pathway?

A patient presents with headache, neck stiffness, and paralysis of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves. What condition is likely causing these symptoms?

A sudden lateral movement of the head results in impingement of the cerebral peduncles against the tentorium cerebelli, leading to ocular movement impairments. What region is most likely affected?

A patient exhibits ipsilateral paralysis of the levator palpebrae superioris, the superior, inferior, and medial rectus muscles, and the inferior oblique muscle. What structure is likely affected?

A 65-year-old male presents with difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, and loss of gag reflex. On examination, there is deviation of the uvula to the right side. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?

A 45-year-old female presents with double vision and difficulty moving her left eye medially. She also has ptosis and a dilated pupil on the left side. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected?

A 50-year-old male presents with loss of pain and temperature sensation on the right side of his face and the left side of his body. He also has difficulty swallowing and hoarseness. Which part of the brainstem is most likely affected?

A 60-year-old female presents with vertigo, nausea, and vomiting. She also has nystagmus and ataxia. Which part of the brainstem is most likely affected?

A 55-year-old male presents with weakness in his right arm and leg, as well as loss of fine touch and proprioception on the right side of his body. He also has difficulty speaking and swallowing. Which part of the brainstem is most likely affected?

Regarding development of central nervous system, fusion of neural folds begins in which region?

Closure of cranial neurophores occurs at what somite stage?

Rhombencephalic isthmus separates?

The boundary between metencephalon and myelencephalon is marked by?

Embryological origin of gray matter of spinal cord?

Regarding development of spinal cord, which component doesn’t contain neuroblasts?

All of the following glial cells have neuroepithelial cell origin except?

One among the following is a derivative of neural crest cell?

Myelination of nerve fibers in spinal cord occurs in which month of intrauterine life?

At birth, spinal cord lies at which level?

Spina bifida occulta is a defect in the vertebral arches that is covered by skin. Most often it occurs in?

A newborn presented with hydrocephalus. His CT scan revealed herniation of a part of cerebellum into foramen magnum. This defect is termed as?

A woman who has a family history of neural tube defect. The recommended dose of folic acid will be?

Which of the following doesn’t contribute to brainstem?

Which lobe of cerebellum is phylogenetically the most primitive one?

The part of hypophysis which in humans seems to have little significance develops from?

Which of the following arise from remnants of Rathke’s pouch?

During the course of development of cerebral hemispheres, the area between frontal and temporal lobes becomes depressed and is known as?

The first commissure to develop is?

The most important commissure is the corpus callosum, which connects the nonolfactory areas of the right and the left cerebral cortices. By which week of development does it appear?

A 29-year-old woman delivered a stillborn baby characterized by a cranial defect caused by failure of the cephalic part of the neural tube to close. Most probably he suffered from?

Most common cause of hydrocephalus is?

A microcephalic child has some intellectual disability. The leading cause of intellectual disability in children is?

In a lecture on development of adrenal gland, the professor asked the students that the outermost layer of fetal cortex differentiates into?

A newborn presented with episodes of vomiting to an emergency. Ultrasonic studies revealed an enlarged colon and the diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease was made. The most common site for Hirschsprung disease is

Dendrites and axons are types of:

Smallest soma present in:

Euchromatin in nuclei of neuron is indicative of:

Not correct about Lipofuscin:

Which of following is multipolar neuron:

T shaped manner is seen in:

Which neurons do not produce action potential:

How much in CNS constitutes interneurons:

As compared to dendrites,axons are:

Axoplasm contains:

Impulse transmission is much faster in:

Thin covering formed by cytoplasm of schwan cells is called:

Supporting cells of PNS are

Trophic support to unmyelinated nerve fibers is supplied by:

Which neurotransmitter is released at termination of somatic efferent fibers:

Astrocytomas are:

Directional flow of CSF is due to:

Pial layer contains:

Blood brain barrier contains:

CSF is first absorbed in:

Dural lymphatics open in subarachnoid space by:

Cranial dura matter is composed of how many layers:

Layers of cranial dura matter continuous with spinal dura matter at:

Dura matter:

Neuropil:

Which of the following statements about neurotransmitters is true

All sensory information is discarded by brain

Corelease of which of the following regulates sleep-wake cycles

a patient with an epileptic episode is presented in the ER , a small molecule rapidly acting neurotransmitter which enhances the effect of medicine is

A 65 year old woman underwent surgery has suffered brain damage, she cannot wake up due to damage to wakeful center of brain

Transduction describes

the channeling and processing of information is called

A woman is facing memory loss problems due to an accident , most of the storage occurs in

chemical synapses are

in electrical synapses the cytoplasm of adjacent cells are directly connected by cluster of ion channels called

presynaptic terminals are also called

norepinephrine secreting neurons are located in

an inhibitory neurotransmitter which originates in substantia nigra and lack of which causes parkinsons is

neurotransmitter that originates in median raphe , causes inhibition of pain and is believed to help control mood of the person and perhaps even sleep is

it is produced by nerve terminals in areas of brain responsible for long term behavior and memory

which of the following is false

alkolosis greatly increases neuronal activity

acidosis greatly depresses neuronal activity , a fall of pH from 7.4 to 7.0 causes

A 60 year old man went to k2 and started suffering from hypoxia. Effect of hypoxia on synaptic transmission is

this neurotransmitter is best known to increase excitability of neurons by inhibiting the action of inhibitory neurotransmitter substance

synaptic delay can be used to

excessive discharge from a single presynaptic terminal can add to one another is called

summing postsynaptic potentials by activating multiple terminals on widely spaced area of neuronal membrane is called

neurotransmitter that opens cation channels is

inhibitory neurotransmittors open

receptors activation controls opening of ion channels by activating second messenger is called

the second messenger G-protein consists of

receptor activation in postsynaptic membrane controlled by gating ion channels is called

which of the following is not a rapidly acting neurotransmitter

which of the following does not belong to class 3 of rapidly acting neurotransmittors

which of the following is not a slow acting neurotransmitter