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Lecture 5

Total questions: 40

Worksheet time: 20mins

Name
Class
Date
1.

Signal transduction refers to:

a)

Protein degradation inside lysosomes

b)

Conversion of extracellular signals into intracellular responses

c)

Direct synthesis of DNA from RNA

d)

ATP production from glycolysis

2.

Signals can act over:

a)

Only long-range

b)

Only short range

c)

Both long and short range

d)

Only across synapses

3.

Which of the following can serve as signaling molecules?

a)

Proteins and peptides

b)

Steroids and fatty acid derivatives

c)

Dissolved gases

d)

All of the above

4.

In the absence of signals, most animal cells are programmed to:

a)

Continue dividing

b)

Kill themselves (apoptosis)

c)

Differentiate

d)

Enter G₀ permanently

5.

A single signal molecule can cause different responses in different cell types because:

a)

Cells contain different DNA

b)

Receptors and effectors differ between cells

c)

Signaling molecules change their shape

d)

Only one pathway exists per signal

6.

Which of the following is not a function of intracellular signaling pathways?

a)

Relay the signal

b)

Amplify the signal

c)

Integrate multiple signals

d)

Translate RNA into protein

7.

Feedback in signaling networks can:

a)

Regulate components upstream

b)

Only act downstream

c)

Be positive but not negative

d)

Prevent integration of signals

8.

Cell-surface receptors fall into three major classes:

a)

GPCRs, RTKs, Ion-channel-coupled receptors

b)

Ligand-gated, ATP-gated, cAMP receptors

c)

Phosphatases, kinases, proteases

d)

None of the above

9.

Which receptor family is the largest in animal cells?

a)

RTKs

b)

GPCRs

c)

Ion-channel coupled

d)

Nuclear hormone receptors

10.

A fast cellular response to a signal is usually mediated by:

a)

Gene transcription

b)

Protein phosphorylation or ion fluxes

c)

Protein synthesis

d)

DNA replication

11.

GPCRs are characterized by:

a)

7 transmembrane helices

b)

A single transmembrane helix

c)

Tyrosine kinase activity

d)

Ligand-gated pores

12.

Activation of GPCRs leads to:

a)

Activation of trimeric G-proteins

b)

Direct DNA transcription

c)

ATP hydrolysis

d)

Ion pumping

13.

The Gα subunit is inactivated by:

a)

Hydrolyzing GTP to GDP

b)

Hydrolyzing ATP

c)

Binding Ca²⁺

d)

Binding to Ras

14.

Some G proteins directly regulate:

a)

Ion channels

b)

DNA polymerase

c)

Ribosomes

d)

Nuclear pores

15.

Adenyl cyclase generates:

a)

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

b)

Cyclic GMP

c)

ATP

d)

IP₃

16.

The second messenger cAMP activates:

a)

Protein Kinase A (PKA)

b)

Protein Kinase C (PKC)

c)

MAP kinase

d)

Ras

17.

Adrenaline stimulates glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle cells via:

a)

cAMP pathway

b)

IP₃ pathway

c)

Ras pathway

d)

PI 3-kinase pathway

18.

Phospholipase C activation produces:

a)

IP₃ and DAG

b)

cAMP

c)

NADH

d)

Ca²⁺ directly

19.

A rise in intracellular Ca²⁺ can trigger:

a)

Muscle contraction

b)

Secretion

c)

Fertilization responses

d)

All of the above

20.

Calmodulin is activated by binding:

a)

Ca²⁺

b)

DAG

c)

ATP

d)

GTP

21.

RTKs are activated by:

a)

Binding of ligands and dimerization

b)

ATP hydrolysis

c)

Ca²⁺ binding

d)

GTP hydrolysis

22.

Activated RTKs typically phosphorylate:

a)

Serine residues

b)

Tyrosine residues

c)

Threonine residues

d)

Glycine residues

23.

The small GTPase activated downstream of RTKs is:

a)

Ran

b)

Ras

c)

Rab

d)

Rho

24.

Ras activates:

a)

MAP kinase cascade

b)

PI 3-kinase

c)

Adenyl cyclase

d)

Ion channels

25.

PI 3-kinase generates:

a)

Lipid docking sites in membranes

b)

ATP

c)

cAMP

d)

Ras-GTP

26.

Akt promotes cell survival by:

a)

Phosphorylating pro-apoptotic proteins

b)

Activating Ras

c)

Blocking Ca²⁺ entry

d)

Degrading growth factors

27.

Akt activates TOR, leading to:

a)

Increased protein synthesis and cell growth

b)

Apoptosis

c)

Cell shrinkage

d)

DNA cleavage

28.

Both GPCRs and RTKs can:

a)

Activate multiple intracellular pathways

b)

Act only through cAMP

c)

Directly bind DNA

d)

Transport ions

29.

Fast-track signaling to the nucleus is mediated by:

a)

Direct protein translocation

b)

Gene transcription without cytoplasmic cascades

c)

Secondary metabolites only

d)

Autophagy

30.

Cross-talk between pathways allows:

a)

Integration of signals

b)

Random signaling

c)

Signal inactivation only

d)

Exclusive pathway use

31.

About what % of human protein-coding genes encode protein kinases?

a)

0.2%

b)

2%

c)

10%

d)

25%

32.

Protein kinase networks:

a)

Rarely interact

b)

Integrate multiple inputs

c)

Do not regulate transcription

d)

Are unique to prokaryotes

33.

Intracellular responses can differ because:

a)

Same receptor always gives same output

b)

Effector proteins vary among cell types

c)

Signals are unstable

d)

ATP concentration varies

34.

Which signaling molecule is a dissolved gas?

a)

NO (nitric oxide)

b)

ATP

c)

DAG

d)

IP₃

35.

Which property makes GPCR signaling highly adaptable?

a)

Feedback regulation

b)

Slow kinetics

c)

Limited amplification

d)

Direct nuclear binding

36.

MAP kinase cascades amplify signals through:

a)

Sequential phosphorylation

b)

GTP hydrolysis

c)

DNA binding

d)

Ca²⁺ channels

37.

TOR integrates signals from:

a)

Growth factors and nutrients

b)

Steroids only

c)

Oxygen only

d)

Ion channels only

38.

A mutation that locks Ras in the GTP-bound state would cause:

a)

Continuous cell proliferation signals

b)

Apoptosis

c)

Immediate cell death

d)

Protein degradation

39.

Which signaling pathway is most directly linked to cancer development?

a)

Ras/MAP kinase

b)

IP₃/Ca²⁺

c)

cAMP/PKA

d)

Calmodulin

40.

The adaptability and sensitivity of signaling cascades is due to:

a)

Amplification, feedback, and integration

b)

Random diffusion

c)

Gene duplication

d)

ATP production

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