In a busy office, Avni is trying to send an important email to her client. She wonders which transport layer protocol is responsible for ensuring that her email is delivered successfully. Which of the following transport layer protocols is used to support electronic mail? [GATE CSE 2012]

In a large tech company, Riyaan is tasked with designing a network using IPv4 addressing. He needs to determine how many networks he can create under Class C addresses for the company's various departments. How many networks are allowed under Class C addresses? [GATE CSE 2012]

An Internet Service Provider (ISP) has the following chunk of CIDR-based IP addresses available: 245.248.128.0/20. The ISP wants to give half of this chunk of addresses to Organization A, and a quarter to Organization B while retaining the remaining with itself. Which of the following is a valid allocation of addresses to A and B? [GATE CSE 2012]

Tisha is sending a file of size $$10^6$$ bits to her friend Arnav over a network consisting of two routers (R1 and R2) and three links (L1, L2, and L3). L1 connects Tisha to R1; L2 connects R1 to R2; and L3 connects R2 to Arnav. Each link length is 100 km. Signals travel over each link at a speed of $$10^8$$ meters per second. The link bandwidth on each link is 1 Mbps. The file is broken down into 1000 packets of size 1000 bits each. Find the total sum of transmission and propagation delays in transmitting the file from Tisha to Arnav. [GATE CSE 2012]

Consider a scenario where Aashi is managing a network connection using TCP's Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) algorithm. At the beginning of the slow start phase, her congestion window size is set to 2 MSS, and the threshold for the first transmission is 8 MSS. Unfortunately, a time-out occurs during the fifth transmission. What will be the congestion window size at the end of the tenth transmission?

During a busy workday at a tech company, Tisha, the network administrator, is tasked with managing the company's layer-4 firewall (a device that can look at all protocol headers up to the transport layer). She needs to ensure that the firewall settings are correctly configured. However, she realizes that the firewall CANNOT

Consider a network of delivery routes between five locations, Asher's House (N1), Kabir's Office (N2), Vanya's Cafe (N3), N4 (a park), and N5 (a grocery store). The delivery service uses a Distance Vector Routing protocol to optimize routes. Once the routes have stabilized, the distance vectors at different locations are: Asher's House: (0, 1, 7, 8, 4) Kabir's Office: (1, 0, 6, 7, 3) Vanya's Cafe: (7, 6, 0, 2, 6) N4: (8, 7, 2, 0, 4) N5: (4, 3, 6, 4, 0) Each distance vector represents the best known delivery time to each location, where the time to itself is 0. All routes are bidirectional and the delivery time is the same in both directions. In each round, all locations exchange their delivery times with their respective neighbors, then update their distance vectors. In between two rounds, any change in delivery time of a route causes the two connected locations to update only that entry in their distance vectors. The delivery time for the route between Kabir's Office and Vanya's Cafe reduces to 2 (in both directions). After the next round of update, what will be the new distance vector at Vanya's Cafe?

After the update in the previous question, the link N1–N2 goes down. N2 reflects this change immediately in its distance vector as cost $$\infty$$ . After the next round of update, what will be the cost to N1 in the distance vector of N3?

In a busy city, there are many delivery trucks transporting goods to various locations. One of the important rules for these trucks is the Time to Live (TTL) rule, which limits how long a truck can stay on the road before it must return to the depot. Which of the following statements best explains the need for this rule?

Suppose Arjun and Avni have computers A and B with IP addresses $$10.105.1.113$$ and $$10.105.1.91$$ respectively, and they both use the same netmask N. Which of the values of N given below should not be used if Arjun and Avni should belong to the same network?

In a small town, all the routers used by the local internet service provider employ the distance vector based routing algorithm to update their routing tables. Each router starts with its routing table initialized to contain an entry for each neighbor with the weight of the respective connecting link. After all the routing tables stabilize, how many links in the network will never be used for carrying any data?

Imagine a busy delivery service where packages from the same order may take different routes to reach the customer. This situation can occur in:

Riyaan is trying to send a message to Avyaan over the local network. To do this, he needs to know the MAC address of Avyaan's device, which is identified by its IP address. The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used for:

Aanya is working on a project that involves sending data packets over a network using the selective reject protocol. She needs to determine the maximum window size for data transmission, given that she is using n-bit frame sequence numbers. What is the maximum window size for data transmission using this protocol?

In a network of LANs connected by bridges, packets are sent from one LAN to another through intermediate bridges. Since more than one path may exist between two LANs, packets may have to be routed through multiple bridges. Why is the spanning tree algorithm used for bridge-routing?

An organization named TechCorp has a class B network and wishes to form subnets for 64 departments. The subnet mask would be:

In a packet switching network, packets are routed from source to destination along a single path having two intermediate nodes. If Kiara wants to send a message of size 24 bytes to Akhil, and each packet contains a header of 3 bytes, then the optimum packet size is:

Imagine Eesha is working on a network project involving a 10 Mbps Ethernet connection. She discovers that the round trip propagation delay for the network, which includes a 48-bit jamming signal, is 46.4 ms. To ensure efficient data transmission, she needs to determine the minimum frame size required for her project.

Asher is trying to establish a connection to a remote server. Which of the following system calls results in the sending of SYN packets?

In a network of delivery trucks, during the initial phase of their operation, the number of packages each truck can carry increases rapidly as they gain experience and optimize their routes. This phase is similar to the slow start phase of the TCP congestion control algorithm. What happens to the size of the congestion window during this phase?

Akhil is managing a class B network on the Internet with a subnet mask of 255.255.248.0. He needs to determine the maximum number of hosts he can have per subnet. How many hosts can he accommodate?

Shaan is developing a new messaging application that uses TCP for data transmission. He wants to know the maximum size of data that the application layer can pass on to the TCP layer below. What is the maximum size of data that the application layer can pass on to the TCP layer below?

A server process S, named Rohan, executes a socket(), a bind(), and a listen() system call in that order, then is preempted. A client process P, named Tara, executes a socket() followed by connect() to connect to Rohan. The server has not executed any accept(). Which event could take place?

During a tech conference, Kavya is explaining the different protocols used in networking. She mentions that some applications use TCP for reliable communication, while others prefer UDP for faster transmission. She asks the audience, which one of the following uses UDP as the transport protocol?

Arnav is setting up a new Ethernet network for his office and decides to use Manchester encoding for data transmission. He wonders about the relationship between the bit rate and the baud rate in this encoding method. What is the bit rate when Manchester encoding is used?

In a network of n friends, each friend attempts to send a message in a group chat with a probability p in each time slot. What is the probability that only one friend sends a message in a given time slot?

In a token ring network, Divya is trying to send a message. The transmission speed is $$10^7$$ bps and the propagation speed is 200 meters per microsecond. The 1-bit delay in this network is equivalent to:

Aarush is managing a network for a large organization and needs to split the address of a class B host into subnets with a 6-bit subnet number. What is the maximum number of subnets and the maximum number of hosts in each subnet?

Arnav is sending a digital message 11001001 to his friend Prisha using a secure method called CRC with the polynomial $$x^3+1$$ . To ensure the message is transmitted correctly and protected from errors, which message should Arnav send?

In a busy city, a courier service takes packages from the sorting center and prepares them for delivery. Which department is responsible for taking the packages from the sorting center and encapsulating them into delivery boxes for transportation?

In a digital communication system, when Dhruv sends a message, the header of the frame generally contains which of the following?

In a busy office, Naira is responsible for ensuring that all important documents are sent and received without errors. To manage any issues that arise during the transmission of these documents, she implements an Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) error management mechanism. Which sublayer of the office's communication system provides this ARQ error management?

During a data transmission, Myra noticed that some of the data packets were corrupted. To ensure the integrity of the data, she decided to use a method known as CRC. What does CRC stand for?

In a busy café, multiple customers are trying to connect to the Wi-Fi network at the same time. Which of the following is the multiple access protocol for channel access control that helps manage these connections?

Asher is working on a data transmission project where he needs to optimize the way acknowledgements are sent back to the sender. He decides to implement a technique that allows him to temporarily delay outgoing acknowledgements so that they can be hooked onto the next outgoing data frame. What is this technique called?

During a data transmission project, Avani is tasked with ensuring that the data sent over the network is free from errors. She needs to choose an error detection method that uses a fixed-size checksum to verify the integrity of the data. Which of the following error detection methods should she select?

Arjun is working on a communication system that uses Hamming code to ensure data integrity. He needs to determine how many parity bits are required to detect and correct errors in a data block of 8 bits.

Tara is sending an important file to her colleague Eshaan over the internet. To ensure that the file arrives without any errors, she uses a method called Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC). What is the primary purpose of the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) in data communication?

In a digital communication system, Asher is responsible for ensuring that the data transmitted is accurate. To achieve this, he decides to implement a technique that adds a redundant bit to the end of each binary string he sends. This technique ensures that the total number of 1-bits in the string is even. What is the name of this error detection technique?

Ria is working on a project that involves transmitting data over a network. She is considering different methods to ensure that the data arrives correctly. What is the main advantage of using Forward Error Correction (FEC) in data transmission?

In a busy café, multiple customers are trying to place their orders at the same time, leading to confusion and overlapping conversations. Which of the following protocols is used for collision detection in a shared communication medium?

In a slotted ALOHA system, what is the maximum throughput achievable?

In a busy office, Mira is responsible for ensuring that all employees can access the shared printer without any conflicts. What is the primary function of the Media Access Control (MAC) sublayer in the data link layer?

In a network using Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD), what happens when two devices transmit data simultaneously?

During a data transmission session, if a device uses the ALOHA protocol, what is the maximum throughput that can be achieved?

In a wireless network, which of the following protocols is primarily used to avoid collisions when multiple devices attempt to access the same channel?

In a virtual-circuit network, what is the primary purpose of establishing a connection before data transmission?

Which of the following technologies is primarily used for providing high-speed data transfer in wide area networks (WANs) and is based on packet switching?

In a Frame Relay network, what is the significance of the Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI)?