A stimulus change occurring before a behavior

A consequence delivered after a behavior

A genetic factor shaping a species

A class of stimuli with shared functions

Dynamic events surrounding behavior instances

Static background separate from organisms

Internal thoughts independent of stimuli

Single setting with fixed properties

A purely internal motivation state

A change that can alter an organism’s contact

A verbal label without physical properties

An energy change affecting receptor cells

A species evolves thicker fur over millennia

Random clouds appear after rainfall

Stop sign presence reduces speeding behavior

A person’s genes determine eye color

Collection of responses across individuals

Set of behaviors with identical topography

Single stimulus with unique properties

Group of stimuli sharing common elements

Consequence precedes behavior; antecedent follows

Both occur after the behavior of interest

Neither is tied to temporal order around behavior

Antecedent precedes behavior; consequence follows

Observable interaction causing measurable environmental change

Internal thoughts occurring without observable displacement

Innate traits persisting regardless of environment

Momentary moods with no measurable effect

A learned history of reinforcement

A specific instance of behavior

A permanent personality trait

An environmental setting event

Form or physical characteristics

Function or environmental effects

Consequences delivered later

Learning history variables

Genetic predispositions to act

Latency unaffected by context

Form of movements and topography

Effects of behavior on environment

Group of responses with same function

Group of responses with same form

Schedule delivering identical outcomes

Single response occurring once

Baseline level before intervention

Stimulus change following a behavior

Antecedent cue setting the occasion

Private event within the organism

Increases future frequency in similar conditions

Maintains current rate without change

Eliminates responding across settings

Decreases immediate probability in all contexts

Presentation increases future frequency

Removal increases immediate suppression

Presentation decreases future frequency

Removal decreases long-term frequency

Removal decreases future frequency

Presentation increases future frequency

Presentation decreases immediate rate

Removal increases future frequency

Rule describing how to deliver tokens

Any pleasant item regardless of behavior

Neutral stimulus unrelated to responding

Stimulus change that increases future frequency

Response pattern maintained without consequences

Innate event produced by evolutionary processes

Stimulus functioning regardless of learning history

Stimulus functioning as reinforcer due to pairing

Increases behavior irrespective of learning history

Requires pairing with tokens to gain value

Decreases responding through presentation

Only affects learned response classes

Removal increases immediate rate

Presentation decreases future frequency

Removal decreases future frequency

Presentation increases future frequency

Stimulus change that decreases future frequency

Stimulus change that increases future frequency

Neutral event without behavioral impact

Rule used to describe reinforcement schedules

Stimulus decreasing behavior irrespective of learning history

Event that increases responding via removal

Previously neutral stimulus functioning as punisher after pairing

Primary reinforcer produced by species evolution

Only affects behaviors within one response class

Increases behavior due to presentation

Requires pairing with other punishers first

Decreases behavior regardless of learning history

Attention and access to tangible

Escape or avoidance and sensory

Access to tangible and escape

Attention and automatic reinforcement

Access to tangible

Automatic reinforcement

Attention from others

Escape or avoidance

Escape or avoidance

Attention from others

Access to tangible

Automatic reinforcement

Attention from others

Access to tangible

Sensory stimulation

Escape or avoidance

A single trial without repetition

Multiple behaviors reinforced variably

One stimulus presented after behavior

Two stimuli presented together repeatedly

Stimulus that signals reinforcement availability

Stimulus that never elicits behavior

Stimulus that only elicits after pairing

Stimulus that elicits without prior learning

Does not elicit respondent behavior

Automatically elicits reflexive responding

Signals conditioned reinforcement

Evokes operant responding voluntarily

Innate stimulus that elicits without learning

Reinforcer delivered after correct behavior

Formerly neutral stimulus that elicits after pairing

Discriminative cue for operant responses

Delivering punishment after a response

Presenting CS repeatedly without the US

Withholding reinforcement after operant

Pairing NS and US across many trials

Fading prompts to establish stimulus control

Training with progressively stronger punishers

Pairing a response with differential reinforcement

Pairing a neutral stimulus with a conditioned stimulus

Behavior selected and maintained by its consequences

Behavior elicited automatically by antecedent stimuli

Behavior occurring independently of environmental context

Behavior shaped solely by genetic phylogeny history

Dependent or temporal relations among variables

Innate reflex patterns across species

Random correlations without causal linkage

Immediate elicitation by conditioned stimuli

Cue, action, outcome schedule

Motivation, habit, reinforcement

Stimulus, response, reflex

Antecedent, behavior, consequence

Only conscious recognition produces learning effects

Reinforcement requires explicit self-report to function

Punishment and reinforcement work identically

Behavior changes without verbal awareness of contingencies

Cumulative past conditioning shaping current repertoire

Single recent reward determining present behavior

Immediate antecedent cue controlling reflexes

Genetic predispositions fixed before birth

Access to high-probability behavior reinforces low-frequency behavior

Delivering any stimulus increases responding regardless of probability

Low-probability actions reinforce high-frequency behaviors

Only tangible rewards can function as reinforcers in practice

Behavior followed by stimulus presentation increases future frequency

Behavior followed by stimulus removal decreases future frequency

Response contingency preventing future aversive events

Automatic strengthening independent of any consequence

Avoidance terminates a stimulus already present

Avoidance prevents or postpones aversive onset

Escape prevents the onset before the stimulus occurs

Escape terminates an ongoing aversive stimulus

Responding freely at any time delays scheduled onset

Presenting a pleasant event after behavior

Responding to a signal prevents onset; escape is the reinforcer

Terminating a stimulus already in progress

Pairing neutral and unconditioned stimuli until control

Termination of an already-present aversive event

A signal must be present to occasion responding

Responses at any time during an interval delay scheduled onset

A stimulus change paired with other reinforcers

A stimulus change produced by innate reflexes

A stimulus change removing aversive stimulation

A stimulus change contingent on deprivation states

Operates solely through verbal rules

Requires pairing with established reinforcers

Functions due to evolutionary development

Only increases behavior after long training

An elapsed time since last response

A particular response topography

A number of responses emitted

A specific discriminative stimulus

Reinforcement after variable time intervals

Reinforcement follows every fourth response

Reinforcement delivered on average every five trials

Reinforcement for the first response after five minutes

Reinforcement after fixed-duration intervals

Reinforcement after a varying number of responses

Reinforcement for successive approximations

Reinforcement contingent on response magnitude

First response after a fixed time elapses

Every response produces immediate reinforcement

Responses reinforced after a fixed number

Variable time windows with random ordering

First response after variable durations elapse

Reinforcement tied to response intensity

Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses

Reinforcement for high-rate responding only

Single schedule operating without alternation

Schedules that preclude independent contingencies

Only fixed ratio with extinction combined

Combinations of two or more basic schedules

Two or more contingencies operate simultaneously

One schedule alternating across separate sessions

A single contingency fading over time

Schedules restricted to single-response classes

Equally across all available alternatives

Preferentially to options with shortest intervals

Randomly distributed across concurrent schedules

Proportionally to obtained reinforcement rates

Require equal response counts across steps

Independent of participant’s ongoing behavior

Used frequently for reinforcer assessments

Successively thinning reinforcement opportunity

Reinforcing all responses regardless of criteria

Withholding reinforcement across entire sessions

Reinforcing responses meeting a specific criterion

Punishing responses that exceed a time limit

At the start of each variable interval

At the end of each fixed-duration interval

Continuously throughout the interval

At random points during the interval

Determined by response rate

Shorter than the fixed interval

Constant across sessions

Variable across intervals

Immediately after every response

Only at session midpoint

Across the entire interval

Only when each interval ends

Competes physically with the problem behavior

Is any behavior other than the problem behavior

Occurs at high rates across intervals

Is a desirable alternative to the problem behavior

Occurring at a preset low rate

A variable alternative to the problem behavior

Topographically incompatible with the problem behavior

Functionally equivalent to the problem behavior

Decrease behaviors that should be maintained but are too frequent

Eliminate behaviors via extinction across sessions

Reinforce absence of behavior at interval ends

Increase behaviors occurring too infrequently

Is completely absent during the session

Occurs at or below a predetermined session total

Meets a high-rate criterion across intervals

Is incompatible with an alternative response

Equal to or below a criterion limit

Higher than the previous interval

Greater than a gradually increasing criterion

Exactly zero regardless of duration

Distributed variably across fixed intervals

Immediately followed by an alternative response

Emitted faster than a target pace

Separated by at least a minimum interresponse time

Reduce high-rate behaviors to zero

Increase the rate of behaviors occurring too infrequently

Maintain moderate rates of alternative behaviors

Reinforce the absence of the problem behavior

Less than a predetermined criterion

Equal across fixed and variable intervals

Absent during the entire interval

Greater than a gradually increasing criterion

DRL: reinforce high counts per interval

DRO: reinforce absence at interval ends

DRA: reinforce alternative desirable response

DRH: reinforce greater-than criterion counts

DRI: reinforce topographically incompatible response

Response cost with contingent reinforcer removal

Response blocking by immediate physical intervention

Contingent exercise requiring nonrelated tasks

Overcorrection with effortful restitution behavior

Time out with temporary reinforcement loss

Require a non-topographical response to problem behavior

Present brief electrical stimulation after each problem

Physically block completion of target behavior

Remove specific amounts of earned reinforcers

Withdraw opportunity to earn positive reinforcement

Response blocking physical intervention

Bonus response cost removal method

Generalized conditioned punisher use

Contingent electrical stimulation procedure

Non-exclusionary time out process

Addition of effortful restitution requirements

Presentation of a stimulus increasing future rate

Blocking the response before completion

Delivering generalized conditioned punishers

Removal of a stimulus decreasing future frequency

Exposure to generalized reinforcement schedules

Access to conditioned punishers or fines

Ability to emit the target response effectively

Opportunity to earn or access positive reinforcement

Use of surrogate motivating operations

A brief electrical stimulus is delivered immediately

Person is physically removed to another environment

Therapist blocks further responding

Tokens are removed from a predetermined reservoir

Person remains in setting without reinforcement access

Physical removal from the current environment

Contingent exercise unrelated to topography

Remaining in setting without reinforcement access

Immediate presentation of electrical stimulation

Fines deducted from available reinforcers

Requirement of effortful restitution activities

Presentation of brief electrical stimulation following

Withdrawal from setting without reinforcement access

Blocking the initiation of the target response

Loss of reinforcers producing behavior decrease

Removal of a specific amount of a reinforcer

Loss of access to the entire reinforcement schedule

Delivery of a brief aversive electrical stimulus

Requirement to perform nonrelated exercises

Immediate blocking before behavior completion

Generalized conditioned punishers across contexts

Electric stimulation contingent on problem act

Overcorrection with restitutional activities

Non-exclusionary time out maintaining setting

Reservoir of reinforcers removed in set amounts

Decreases future frequency of immediately preceding behavior

Increases current frequency of reinforced behavior

Alters value of reinforcement without learning history

Blocks completion of a target response quickly

Removes access to positive reinforcement period

Functions after pairing with other punishers over time

Requires physical removal from the environment

Increases the value of reinforcement reservoirs

Decreases behavior frequency independent of learning history

Operates under generalized motivating conditions

Blocks completion before response finishes

Functions as a punisher due to pairing history

Evokes behavior reinforced by deprivation

Decreases behavior independent of learning history

Acts as a generalized conditioned reinforcer

Lose value when paired with surrogate CMOs

Effective under many conditions due to multiple pairings

Increase responding on the punished schedule

Require immediate physical removal from environment

Depend solely on biological deprivation states

Change in responding on one component alters rate on another

Blocking target response increases alternative task completion

Generalized punishment independent of motivating operations

Immediate decrease from unconditioned punishers delivered

Time out procedures lead to permanent response decline

Reinforcing effectiveness of stimuli or events

Punishing effectiveness of stimuli or events

Topography of the targeted problem behavior

Current frequency of relevant behaviors

Future frequency independent of consequences

Food deprivation increases food as effective reinforcer

Non-exclusionary time out removes reinforcement access

Response cost deducts tokens after target behavior

Overcorrection requires restitutional activities

Food ingestion decreases food as effective reinforcer

Creates generalized conditioned punishment

Alters the topography of that behavior

Evokes behavior previously reinforced by it

Increases reinforcing effectiveness of that stimulus

Decreases reinforcing effectiveness of that stimulus

Change in long-term future frequency globally

Decrease in current frequency under an MO

Creation of conditioned punisher through pairing

Increase in current frequency under an MO

Shift in topography across different settings

Requirement to perform restitutional activities

Presentation of brief electrical stimulation

Removal of access to reinforcement opportunities

Increase in current frequency under an MO

Decrease in current frequency under an MO

Generalized punishment across contexts

Immediate physical ability to respond

Token reservoir amounts available

Topographical form of emitted behavior

Reinforcing effectiveness due to MO influence

Value-altering effects independent of learning history

Alter the value of another stimulus indirectly

Effects dependent on pairing with other MOs

Systematically precede worsening or improvement

Create generalized conditioned punisher functions

Generalized punishment under many conditions

Immediate physical blocking by therapist

Biological deprivation without prior experience

Token reservoir with predetermined amounts

Learning history relating stimuli and events

CMO-R alters value only via deprivation states

CMO-S paired with another motivating operation

CMO-R precedes worsening or improvement systematically

CMO-T alters the value of another stimulus

CMO-S functions as an unconditioned punisher

Adding reinforcement to reduce response variability

Stopping reinforcement so responding decreases over time

Providing intermittent reinforcement to maintain responding

Removing punishment so responding increases rapidly

An immediate drop below baseline levels

Gradual oscillation without change

A temporary surge above baseline levels

Stable rates equal to baseline levels

Giving extra praise after escape responses

Blocking escape so the aversive event continues

Switching to fixed-interval reinforcement

Presenting a novel cue before escape occurs

High response variability under continuous reinforcement

Low response frequency despite no reinforcement

Steady response rate with dense reinforcement

Rapid recovery after punishment procedures

Behavior generalizes to novel stimuli consistently

Behavior escalates due to added punishment

Behavior permanently stops across all settings

Behavior reappears temporarily without reinforcement

Stimuli sharing common elements along defined dimensions

Responses emitted under fixed interval schedules

Reinforcers delivered on variable ratio programs

Punishers applied contingent on target responses

Consequences that differentially reinforce varied responses

Stimuli with a common relation that evoke similar operants

Neutral stimuli paired repeatedly with appetitive events

Motivating operations altering reinforcer effectiveness

Red, blue, green as shared color features

Peanuts, cheese, chicken as sources of protein

Tall, short, medium as dimensional sizes

Wood, metal, plastic as material categories

It eliminates spontaneous recovery effects

It produces extinction bursts reliably

It signals that punishment will be delivered

Responses in its presence have been reinforced

A stimulus correlated with intense punishment contingencies

A stimulus producing automatic reinforcement effects

A stimulus correlated with no reinforcement for a response

A stimulus establishing operations for deprivation states

Only trained stimulus–response relations during shaping

Punisher–stimulus pairings under avoidance schedules

Untrained stimulus–stimulus relations after training

Motivating operation–stimulus pairings without history

Reflexivity: A = A

Symmetry: A = B then B = A

Transitivity: A = B and B = C then A = C

Generalization: A similar to A then A = B

Derive relations across three linked stimuli

Select a comparison identical to the sample

Reverse trained sample–comparison relations

Emit escape behavior to avoid aversive events

If A predicts reinforcement under SD

If A = A across varying modalities

If A = B and B = C then A = C

If A = B then B = A without training

If B suppresses responding under SΔ

If A leads to reinforcement under SD

If A = A in identity matching

If A = B and B = C then A = C

A tactic for thinning reinforcement to reduce bursts

A procedure selecting comparison stimuli that match a sample

A schedule delivering reinforcement after fixed intervals

A method pairing neutral stimuli with reinforcers

Avoiding contact with the aversive stimulus

Emitting more responses during extinction bursts

Choosing any comparison at random under SΔ

Selecting the comparison that matches the sample

Multiple behaviors, multiple consequences

Two behaviors, one antecedent condition

One behavior, two antecedent stimulus conditions

One behavior, one antecedent condition

Generalization only within identical exemplars

Complex stimulus control combining generalization and discrimination

Simple reinforcement without stimulus control

Response maintenance after intervention ends

Stopping behavior in the absence of reinforcement

The same response across different settings

Discriminating between identical stimuli

Untrained responses that are functionally equivalent

The target behavior occurs in a different setting

Only the trained response is emitted

Reinforcement schedules are increased

The learner stops responding in novel contexts

Unplanned aspects affecting generalization

All elements shaping learning and transfer

Planned aspects that influence acquisition

Only the physical room layout

A context where training cannot be performed

Any location identical to instructional setting

Only clinical environments supervised by practitioners

A place differing meaningfully from instructional setting

Changes occur only within a single individual

Behavior changes in untreated people due to contingencies applied to others

Each person receiving direct reinforcement experiences change

Only the practitioner’s behavior changes across clients

Generalized conditioned reinforcement

Formal properties of topography

Functional analysis of contingencies

Verbal behavior mediated by a listener

Audience effects on speakers

Consequences following responses

Form and structure of a response

Causes controlling a response

Topography of speech

Syntax and composition

Causes of the response

Phonology and articulation

Equivalent motivating operations

Shared audience and reinforcement

Matching consequences across responses

Same sense mode and physical resemblance

Equivalent motivating operation

Beginning, middle, end each match

Identical reinforcement schedule

Shared audience and setting

Echoic responses

Textual behavior

Intraverbal exchanges

Transcription products

Audience solely evokes behavior

Consequences shape topography only

Multiple variables influence a response

Single variable controls one response

A response produces many reinforcers

One cue evokes several responses

Several cues evoke one response

A single MO suppresses responding

Single variable controls varied responses

Many stimuli control one response

Audience feedback matches topography

Consequences determine form only

Speaker emitting operants

Listener delivering reinforcement

Observer recording topography

Mediator scheduling contingencies

Unit relating response to MO, SD, consequences

Topographical class defined by phonology

Audience-dependent vocalization category

Generalized reinforced speaking behavior

Evoked by textual antecedents only

Evoked by a motivating operation

Evoked by a verbal discriminative stimulus

Evoked by a nonverbal discriminative stimulus

Evoked by spoken SD, produces writing

Evoked by verbal SD, no point-to-point

Evoked by nonverbal SD, generalized reinforcement

Evoked by MO, reinforced specifically

Spoken SD, produces written product

Verbal SD, point-to-point and formal similarity

Nonverbal SD, generalized reinforcement

Verbal SD, no formal similarity

Evoked by verbal SD, formal similarity

Evoked by nonverbal SD, generalized

Evoked by MO, specific reinforcement

Evoked by verbal SD, without point-to-point

Nonverbal SD evokes labeling objects

Verbal SD evokes reading aloud, point-to-point only

Verbal SD evokes speech with formal similarity

Spoken SD evokes writing or typing

Verbal stimulus evokes echoic imitation

Nonverbal stimulus evokes generalized tacting

Printed stimulus evokes spoken response

Spoken stimulus evokes written response

Textual behavior

Echoic responses

Transcription products

Intraverbal exchanges

Presence of formal similarity

Elicitation by motivating operations

Specific reinforcement schedules

Control by nonverbal stimuli

Textual reading

Intraverbal chaining

Echoic imitation

Tact labeling

Responding based solely on physical similarity of stimuli

Reinforcing incorrect comparisons to shape new relations

Selecting any comparison without prior reinforcement history

Accurate responding to unreinforced relations after training

Choosing a comparison previously reinforced

Choosing a comparison more salient than the sample

Choosing a comparison opposite to the sample

Choosing a comparison identical to the sample

Persistence despite extinction procedures

Reversibility of the match between stimuli

Generalization to novel but identical items

Preference for physically similar stimuli

If A = B and B = C, then A = C

If A ≠ B and B ≠ C, then A ≠ C

If A > B and B > C, then A > A

If A = A without prior training

Naming the most salient comparison stimulus

Selecting any comparison without feedback

Selecting the comparison that matches the sample

Avoiding the sample to reduce errors

Requirement of continuous reinforcement schedules

Restriction to identical objects and labels

Dependence solely on physical properties of stimuli

Emergence without direct training of the relation

From A equals B, infer B equals A automatically

Changing emotional response to C after training A with fear

Selecting A when the sample is A without training

From A larger than B and B larger than C, infer A larger than C

Symmetry between related stimuli

Transitivity across linked stimuli

Reflexivity within a single stimulus

Generalization based on features

Stable responding across identical contexts

Altered behavioral effects of a stimulus via relations

Random variation in responding without training

Changed physical properties after conditioning procedures

Restricting behavior to trained exemplars

Producing novel responses from relational networks

Memorizing fixed pairs without extension

Avoiding new relations to reduce errors

Shared functional relation, not physical similarity

Shared physical form and structural features

Common manufacturing materials only

Identical sensory properties and colors

Random similarity inferred by the learner

Shared reinforcement history only

Common verbal labels regardless of form

Common physical features or structures

As the stimulus that guides the correct comparison

As the distractor to prevent selection bias

As the reinforcer delivered for correct responses

As the neutral stimulus unrelated to selections