Situated on steep slopes, montane and watershed forests are especially important in ensuring water flow and inhibiting erosion. Yet, during the 1980s, montane formations suffered the highest deforestation rate of tropical forests.

When the forests are cut down, less moisture is evapotranspired into the atmosphere resulting in the formation of fewer rain clouds. Subsequently there is a decline in rainfall, subjecting the area to drought. Today Madagascar is largely a red, treeless desert from generations of forest clearing with fire. River flows decline and smaller amounts of quality water reach cities and agricultural lands.’

Colombia, once second in the world with freshwater reserves, has fallen to 24th due to its extensive deforestation over the past 30 years. Excessive deforestation around the Malaysian capital of Kuala Lumpur, combined with the dry conditions created by El Nino triggered strict, water rationing in 1998, and for the first time the city had to import water.

There is serious concern that widespread deforestation could lead to a significant decline in rainfall and trigger a positivefeedback process of increasing desiccation for neighboring forest cover. The newly desiccated forest becomes prone to devastating fires. Such fires materialized in 1997 and 1998 in conjunction with the dry conditions created by el Nino. Millions of acres burned as fires swept through Indonesia, Brazil, Colombia, Central America, Florida, and other places. The Woods Hole Research Center warned that more than, 400,000 square kilometers of Brazilian Amazonia were highly vulnerable to fire in 1998.

Paragraphs 1 and 2 are related in that paragraph 1 ....

Situated on steep slopes, montane and watershed forests are especially important in ensuring water flow and inhibiting erosion. Yet, during the 1980s, montane formations suffered the highest deforestation rate of tropical forests.

When the forests are cut down, less moisture is evapotranspired into the atmosphere resulting in the formation of fewer rain clouds. Subsequently there is a decline in rainfall, subjecting the area to drought. Today Madagascar is largely a red, treeless desert from generations of forest clearing with fire. River flows decline and smaller amounts of quality water reach cities and agricultural lands.’

Colombia, once second in the world with freshwater reserves, has fallen to 24th due to its extensive deforestation over the past 30 years. Excessive deforestation around the Malaysian capital of Kuala Lumpur, combined with the dry conditions created by El Nino triggered strict, water rationing in 1998, and for the first time the city had to import water.

There is serious concern that widespread deforestation could lead to a significant decline in rainfall and trigger a positivefeedback process of increasing desiccation for neighboring forest cover. The newly desiccated forest becomes prone to devastating fires. Such fires materialized in 1997 and 1998 in conjunction with the dry conditions created by el Nino. Millions of acres burned as fires swept through Indonesia, Brazil, Colombia, Central America, Florida, and other places. The Woods Hole Research Center warned that more than, 400,000 square kilometers of Brazilian Amazonia were highly vulnerable to fire in 1998.

The word ‘its’ in ‘... has fallen to 24th due to its extensive ...’ (paragraph 2) refers to ….

Situated on steep slopes, montane and watershed forests are especially important in ensuring water flow and inhibiting erosion. Yet, during the 1980s, montane formations suffered the highest deforestation rate of tropical forests.

When the forests are cut down, less moisture is evapotranspired into the atmosphere resulting in the formation of fewer rain clouds. Subsequently there is a decline in rainfall, subjecting the area to drought. Today Madagascar is largely a red, treeless desert from generations of forest clearing with fire. River flows decline and smaller amounts of quality water reach cities and agricultural lands.’

Colombia, once second in the world with freshwater reserves, has fallen to 24th due to its extensive deforestation over the past 30 years. Excessive deforestation around the Malaysian capital of Kuala Lumpur, combined with the dry conditions created by El Nino triggered strict, water rationing in 1998, and for the first time the city had to import water.

There is serious concern that widespread deforestation could lead to a significant decline in rainfall and trigger a positivefeedback process of increasing desiccation for neighboring forest cover. The newly desiccated forest becomes prone to devastating fires. Such fires materialized in 1997 and 1998 in conjunction with the dry conditions created by el Nino. Millions of acres burned as fires swept through Indonesia, Brazil, Colombia, Central America, Florida, and other places. The Woods Hole Research Center warned that more than, 400,000 square kilometers of Brazilian Amazonia were highly vulnerable to fire in 1998.

The following will certainly occur if the rate of deforestation increasingly takes place in Kalimantan, EXCEPT ....  

Situated on steep slopes, montane and watershed forests are especially important in ensuring water flow and inhibiting erosion. Yet, during the 1980s, montane formations suffered the highest deforestation rate of tropical forests.

When the forests are cut down, less moisture is evapotranspired into the atmosphere resulting in the formation of fewer rain clouds. Subsequently there is a decline in rainfall, subjecting the area to drought. Today Madagascar is largely a red, treeless desert from generations of forest clearing with fire. River flows decline and smaller amounts of quality water reach cities and agricultural lands.’

Colombia, once second in the world with freshwater reserves, has fallen to 24th due to its extensive deforestation over the past 30 years. Excessive deforestation around the Malaysian capital of Kuala Lumpur, combined with the dry conditions created by El Nino triggered strict, water rationing in 1998, and for the first time the city had to import water.

There is serious concern that widespread deforestation could lead to a significant decline in rainfall and trigger a positivefeedback process of increasing desiccation for neighboring forest cover. The newly desiccated forest becomes prone to devastating fires. Such fires materialized in 1997 and 1998 in conjunction with the dry conditions created by el Nino. Millions of acres burned as fires swept through Indonesia, Brazil, Colombia, Central America, Florida, and other places. The Woods Hole Research Center warned that more than, 400,000 square kilometers of Brazilian Amazonia were highly vulnerable to fire in 1998.

What is the writer’s attitude toward deforestation?

Everyone likes to group things. Language students group words as verbs, nouns and so on; collections of words are classified as phrases, or clauses, or sentences, and these again are reclassified according to their function. In the same way, botanists classify plants as algae, or fungi, or gymnosperms, etc. Zoologists classify animals as vertebrates and invertebrates. The vertebrates can be further classified as mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, etc. Classification enables us to keep hold of more information and, if it is based on the right data, enables us to understand better the ideas we are studying.  

 Chemists are no exception. The chemical classification of materials, if it is based on a good system, should enable us to understand better the many substances which exist in our world. What is to be the basis of our classification? Perhaps the most obvious one is appearance. Materials could be classified as solid, liquid or gas with some mixed types as, for example, mud being solid, liquid material and steam a liquid/gas material. Appearance could enable us to subdivide our main classification groups a little further;  the solid may be green, or black, powdery or crystalline; the liquid may be colored, oily, thick, or free flowing; the gas may be colored. However, we soon realize that many probably quite different materials have the same appearance. Both air and the deadly carbon-monoxide gas are colorless, odorless gases, but we would not like to group them as the same thing. Many different liquids are colorless, water-like materials.

The examples provided in paragraph 2 clarify that ...   

Everyone likes to group things. Language students group words as verbs, nouns and so on; collections of words are classified as phrases, or clauses, or sentences, and these again are reclassified according to their function. In the same way, botanists classify plants as algae, or fungi, or gymnosperms, etc. Zoologists classify animals as vertebrates and invertebrates. The vertebrates can be further classified as mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, etc. Classification enables us to keep hold of more information and, if it is based on the right data, enables us to understand better the ideas we are studying.  

 Chemists are no exception. The chemical classification of materials, if it is based on a good system, should enable us to understand better the many substances which exist in our world. What is to be the basis of our classification? Perhaps the most obvious one is appearance. Materials could be classified as solid, liquid or gas with some mixed types as, for example, mud being solid, liquid material and steam a liquid/gas material. Appearance could enable us to subdivide our main classification groups a little further;  the solid may be green, or black, powdery or crystalline; the liquid may be colored, oily, thick, or free flowing; the gas may be colored. However, we soon realize that many probably quite different materials have the same appearance. Both air and the deadly carbon-monoxide gas are colorless, odorless gases, but we would not like to group them as the same thing. Many different liquids are colorless, water-like materials.

The examples provided in paragraph 2 clarify that ...   

Everyone likes to group things. Language students group words as verbs, nouns and so on; collections of words are classified as phrases, or clauses, or sentences, and these again are reclassified according to their function. In the same way, botanists classify plants as algae, or fungi, or gymnosperms, etc. Zoologists classify animals as vertebrates and invertebrates. The vertebrates can be further classified as mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, etc. Classification enables us to keep hold of more information and, if it is based on the right data, enables us to understand better the ideas we are studying.  

 Chemists are no exception. The chemical classification of materials, if it is based on a good system, should enable us to understand better the many substances which exist in our world. What is to be the basis of our classification? Perhaps the most obvious one is appearance. Materials could be classified as solid, liquid or gas with some mixed types as, for example, mud being solid, liquid material and steam a liquid/gas material. Appearance could enable us to subdivide our main classification groups a little further;  the solid may be green, or black, powdery or crystalline; the liquid may be colored, oily, thick, or free flowing; the gas may be colored. However, we soon realize that many probably quite different materials have the same appearance. Both air and the deadly carbon-monoxide gas are colorless, odorless gases, but we would not like to group them as the same thing. Many different liquids are colorless, water-like materials.

The sentence “Chemists are no exception” (Paragraph 2 line 1) could possibly be restated as ….

Everyone likes to group things. Language students group words as verbs, nouns and so on; collections of words are classified as phrases, or clauses, or sentences, and these again are reclassified according to their function. In the same way, botanists classify plants as algae, or fungi, or gymnosperms, etc. Zoologists classify animals as vertebrates and invertebrates. The vertebrates can be further classified as mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, etc. Classification enables us to keep hold of more information and, if it is based on the right data, enables us to understand better the ideas we are studying.  

 Chemists are no exception. The chemical classification of materials, if it is based on a good system, should enable us to understand better the many substances which exist in our world. What is to be the basis of our classification? Perhaps the most obvious one is appearance. Materials could be classified as solid, liquid or gas with some mixed types as, for example, mud being solid, liquid material and steam a liquid/gas material. Appearance could enable us to subdivide our main classification groups a little further;  the solid may be green, or black, powdery or crystalline; the liquid may be colored, oily, thick, or free flowing; the gas may be colored. However, we soon realize that many probably quite different materials have the same appearance. Both air and the deadly carbon-monoxide gas are colorless, odorless gases, but we would not like to group them as the same thing. Many different liquids are colorless, water-like materials.

The paragraph following the passage most likely deals with the classification of ….

Everyone likes to group things. Language students group words as verbs, nouns and so on; collections of words are classified as phrases, or clauses, or sentences, and these again are reclassified according to their function. In the same way, botanists classify plants as algae, or fungi, or gymnosperms, etc. Zoologists classify animals as vertebrates and invertebrates. The vertebrates can be further classified as mammals, reptiles, birds, fish, etc. Classification enables us to keep hold of more information and, if it is based on the right data, enables us to understand better the ideas we are studying.  

 Chemists are no exception. The chemical classification of materials, if it is based on a good system, should enable us to understand better the many substances which exist in our world. What is to be the basis of our classification? Perhaps the most obvious one is appearance. Materials could be classified as solid, liquid or gas with some mixed types as, for example, mud being solid, liquid material and steam a liquid/gas material. Appearance could enable us to subdivide our main classification groups a little further;  the solid may be green, or black, powdery or crystalline; the liquid may be colored, oily, thick, or free flowing; the gas may be colored. However, we soon realize that many probably quite different materials have the same appearance. Both air and the deadly carbon-monoxide gas are colorless, odorless gases, but we would not like to group them as the same thing. Many different liquids are colorless, water-like materials.

How does the author organize the ideas?

Over this decade, employment in jobs requiring education beyond a high school diploma will grow more rapidly than employment in jobs that do not; of the 30 fastest growing occupations, more than half require post-secondary education. With the average earnings of college graduates at a level that is twice as high as that of workers with only a high school diploma, higher education is now the clearest (1) ... into the middle class.
In higher education, the U.S. has been outpaced intemationally. While the United States ranks ninth in the world in the proportion of young adults enrolled in college, we have fallen to 16th in the world in our share of certificates and degrees awarded to adults ages 25-34 — lagging behind Korea, Canada, Japan and other nations. While more than half of college students graduate within six years, the (2) ... for low-income students is around 25 percent.
Acknowledging these factors early in his Administration, President Obama challenged every American to commit to at least one year of higher education or post-secondary training. (3) ... that America would once again have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world by 2020

The option that best completes (3) is ....

The coal, oil, and natural gas that drive the industrial world's economy all contain carbon inhaled by plants hundreds of millions of years ago - carbon that now is returning to the atmosphere through smokestacks and exhaust pipes, joining emissions from forest burned to clear land in poorer countries. Carbon dioxide is foremost in an array of gases from human activity that increase the atmosphere's ability to trap heat. (Methane from cattle, rice fields, and landfills, and the chlorofluorocarbons in some refrigerators and air conditioners are others.) Few scientists doubt that this greenhouse warming of the atmosphere is already taking hold. Melting glaciers, earlier springs, and a steady rise in global average temperature are just some of its harbingers.
By rights it should be worse. Each year humanity dumps roughly 8 billion metric tons of carbon into the atmosphere, 6.5 billion tons from fossil fuels and 1.5 billion from deforestation. But less than half that total, 3.2 billion tons, remains in the atmosphere to warm the planet. Where is the missing carbon? "It's a really major mystery, if you think about it," says Wofsy, an atmospheric scientist at Harvard University. His research site in the Harvard Forest is apparently not the only place where nature is breathing deep and helping save us from ourselves. Forests, grasslands, and the waters of the oceans must be acting as carbon sinks. They steal back roughly half of the carbon dioxide we emit, slowing its buildup in the atmosphere and delaying the effects on climate.

Which of the following is relevant with the idea of supporting the function of forests as carbon sink described in the passage?

Animals might not be able to speak or master advanced language techniques, but they certainly have other ways of communicating. Whale song, wolf howls, frog croaks, bird chirps - even the waggle dance of the honeybee or the vigorous waving of a dog's tail - are among the panoply of ways animals transmit information to each other and to other denizens of the animal kingdom.

Species often rely on verbal and nonverbal forms of communication, such as calls; non-vocal auditory outbursts, like the sikap of the dolphin's tail on the water; bioluminescence; scent marking; chemical or tactile cues; visual signals and postural gestures. Fireflies and peacocks are classic examples of brilliant bioluminescence and impressive visual display, respectively. Ants use chemical cues (in a process called chemoreception) to help their foraging adventures, as well as for other activities like telling friend from for, connecting with new mates and marshalling the colony's defenses.

When it comes to acoustic communication, not every member of species is just alike. Animals from different regions have often been overhead sounding off in different dialects. For example, one study found that blue whales produce different patterns of pulses, tones and pitches depending on where they're from. Some bird species are the same way. And what about those birds that live on the border between territories of differing songsters? They often become bilingual, so to speak, and able to communicate in the singing parlance favored by each of their groups of neighbors.

Communication between species can play important roles as well. One study suggested that the reason Madagascar spiny-tailed iguanas have well-developed ears - despite the fact that they don't communicate vocally - is so they can hear the warning calls of the Madagascar paradise flycatcher. The two species have nothing in common except for the fact that they share a general habitat and raptors like to snack on them. So when an iguana hears a bird raise the alarm among other birds, it likely knows to be on alert for incoming predators, too. However, as noise pollution interferes with animal communiques all across the globe, many animals' ability to communicate effectively comes under fire.

Increased shipping traffic over the last century has dramatically affected the transfer of whale song around the ocean basin. Studies have found that songbirds, too, suffer from noisy (albeit terrestrial) urban environs. Some species have had to modify their singing styles, producing songs that are louder and shriller. The reason in order to be heard above the clamor. Pumped up volume usually leads to simpler and somewhat inferior styles of singing that female bird seems to find decidedly less sexy.

What is the topic of the text above?

Animals might not be able to speak or master advanced language techniques, but they certainly have other ways of communicating. Whale song, wolf howls, frog croaks, bird chirps - even the waggle dance of the honeybee or the vigorous waving of a dog's tail - are among the panoply of ways animals transmit information to each other and to other denizens of the animal kingdom.

Species often rely on verbal and nonverbal forms of communication, such as calls; non-vocal auditory outbursts, like the sikap of the dolphin's tail on the water; bioluminescence; scent marking; chemical or tactile cues; visual signals and postural gestures. Fireflies and peacocks are classic examples of brilliant bioluminescence and impressive visual display, respectively. Ants use chemical cues (in a process called chemoreception) to help their foraging adventures, as well as for other activities like telling friend from for, connecting with new mates and marshalling the colony's defenses.

When it comes to acoustic communication, not every member of species is just alike. Animals from different regions have often been overhead sounding off in different dialects. For example, one study found that blue whales produce different patterns of pulses, tones and pitches depending on where they're from. Some bird species are the same way. And what about those birds that live on the border between territories of differing songsters? They often become bilingual, so to speak, and able to communicate in the singing parlance favored by each of their groups of neighbors.

Communication between species can play important roles as well. One study suggested that the reason Madagascar spiny-tailed iguanas have well-developed ears - despite the fact that they don't communicate vocally - is so they can hear the warning calls of the Madagascar paradise flycatcher. The two species have nothing in common except for the fact that they share a general habitat and raptors like to snack on them. So when an iguana hears a bird raise the alarm among other birds, it likely knows to be on alert for incoming predators, too. However, as noise pollution interferes with animal communiques all across the globe, many animals' ability to communicate effectively comes under fire.

Increased shipping traffic over the last century has dramatically affected the transfer of whale song around the ocean basin. Studies have found that songbirds, too, suffer from noisy (albeit terrestrial) urban environs. Some species have had to modify their singing styles, producing songs that are louder and shriller. The reason in order to be heard above the clamor. Pumped up volume usually leads to simpler and somewhat inferior styles of singing that female bird seems to find decidedly less sexy.

Which of the following is the restatement of the sentence "Some species have had to modify their singing styles, producing songs that are louder and shriller" in paragraph 5?

If there was such a thing as a perfect food, eggs would be a contender. They're readily available, easy to cook, affordable and packed with protein. The egg is meant to be something that has all the right ingredients to grow an organism, so obviously it's very nutrient sense. Eating eggs alongside other food can help our bodies absorb more vitamins, too. For example, one study found that adding an egg to salad can increase how much vitamin E we get from salad.

But for decades, eating eggs has also been controversial due to their high cholesterol content - which some studies have linked to an increased risk of heart disease. One egg yolk contains around 185 milligrams of cholesterol, which is more than half of the 300mg daily amount of cholesterol that the US dietary guidelines recommended until recently. Cholesterol, a yellowish fat produced in our liver and intestines, can be found in every one of our body's cells. We normally think of it as "bad" but cholesterol is a crucial building block in our cell membranes. It also is needed for the body to make vitamin D, and the hormones testosterone and estrogen.

Cholesterol is transported around our body by lipoprotein molecules in the blood. Every person had different combination of various types of lipoproteins, and our individual make-up plays a tole in determining our risk of developing heart disease. But researchers haven't definitively linked consumption of cholesterol to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

As a result, US dietary guidelines no longer have a cholesterol restriction; not does the UK. Instead, emphasis is placed on limiting how much saturated fat we consume, which can inscrease the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Foods containing trans fats, in particular, increase our LDL levels. Although some trans fats occur naturally in animal products, most are made artificially. Some trans are found in highest levels in margarines, snacks, and some deep-fried and baked foods, such as pastry, doughnuts and cake.

Which of the following does the passage imply?

If there was such a thing as a perfect food, eggs would be a contender. They're readily available, easy to cook, affordable and packed with protein. The egg is meant to be something that has all the right ingredients to grow an organism, so obviously it's very nutrient sense. Eating eggs alongside other food can help our bodies absorb more vitamins, too. For example, one study found that adding an egg to salad can increase how much vitamin E we get from salad.

But for decades, eating eggs has also been controversial due to their high cholesterol content - which some studies have linked to an increased risk of heart disease. One egg yolk contains around 185 milligrams of cholesterol, which is more than half of the 300mg daily amount of cholesterol that the US dietary guidelines recommended until recently. Cholesterol, a yellowish fat produced in our liver and intestines, can be found in every one of our body's cells. We normally think of it as "bad" but cholesterol is a crucial building block in our cell membranes. It also is needed for the body to make vitamin D, and the hormones testosterone and estrogen.

Cholesterol is transported around our body by lipoprotein molecules in the blood. Every person had different combination of various types of lipoproteins, and our individual make-up plays a tole in determining our risk of developing heart disease. But researchers haven't definitively linked consumption of cholesterol to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

As a result, US dietary guidelines no longer have a cholesterol restriction; not does the UK. Instead, emphasis is placed on limiting how much saturated fat we consume, which can inscrease the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Foods containing trans fats, in particular, increase our LDL levels. Although some trans fats occur naturally in animal products, most are made artificially. Some trans are found in highest levels in margarines, snacks, and some deep-fried and baked foods, such as pastry, doughnuts and cake.

The following statements are true, EXCEPT ...

If there was such a thing as a perfect food, eggs would be a contender. They're readily available, easy to cook, affordable and packed with protein. The egg is meant to be something that has all the right ingredients to grow an organism, so obviously it's very nutrient sense. Eating eggs alongside other food can help our bodies absorb more vitamins, too. For example, one study found that adding an egg to salad can increase how much vitamin E we get from salad.

But for decades, eating eggs has also been controversial due to their high cholesterol content - which some studies have linked to an increased risk of heart disease. One egg yolk contains around 185 milligrams of cholesterol, which is more than half of the 300mg daily amount of cholesterol that the US dietary guidelines recommended until recently. Cholesterol, a yellowish fat produced in our liver and intestines, can be found in every one of our body's cells. We normally think of it as "bad" but cholesterol is a crucial building block in our cell membranes. It also is needed for the body to make vitamin D, and the hormones testosterone and estrogen.

Cholesterol is transported around our body by lipoprotein molecules in the blood. Every person had different combination of various types of lipoproteins, and our individual make-up plays a tole in determining our risk of developing heart disease. But researchers haven't definitively linked consumption of cholesterol to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

As a result, US dietary guidelines no longer have a cholesterol restriction; not does the UK. Instead, emphasis is placed on limiting how much saturated fat we consume, which can inscrease the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Foods containing trans fats, in particular, increase our LDL levels. Although some trans fats occur naturally in animal products, most are made artificially. Some trans are found in highest levels in margarines, snacks, and some deep-fried and baked foods, such as pastry, doughnuts and cake.

Which of the following does the passage imply?

If there was such a thing as a perfect food, eggs would be a contender. They're readily available, easy to cook, affordable and packed with protein. The egg is meant to be something that has all the right ingredients to grow an organism, so obviously it's very nutrient sense. Eating eggs alongside other food can help our bodies absorb more vitamins, too. For example, one study found that adding an egg to salad can increase how much vitamin E we get from salad.

But for decades, eating eggs has also been controversial due to their high cholesterol content - which some studies have linked to an increased risk of heart disease. One egg yolk contains around 185 milligrams of cholesterol, which is more than half of the 300mg daily amount of cholesterol that the US dietary guidelines recommended until recently. Cholesterol, a yellowish fat produced in our liver and intestines, can be found in every one of our body's cells. We normally think of it as "bad" but cholesterol is a crucial building block in our cell membranes. It also is needed for the body to make vitamin D, and the hormones testosterone and estrogen.

Cholesterol is transported around our body by lipoprotein molecules in the blood. Every person had different combination of various types of lipoproteins, and our individual make-up plays a tole in determining our risk of developing heart disease. But researchers haven't definitively linked consumption of cholesterol to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

As a result, US dietary guidelines no longer have a cholesterol restriction; not does the UK. Instead, emphasis is placed on limiting how much saturated fat we consume, which can inscrease the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Foods containing trans fats, in particular, increase our LDL levels. Although some trans fats occur naturally in animal products, most are made artificially. Some trans are found in highest levels in margarines, snacks, and some deep-fried and baked foods, such as pastry, doughnuts and cake.

"Every person has different combination of various types of lipoproteins,..." (paragraph 3). The underlined word is closest in meaning to ...

If there was such a thing as a perfect food, eggs would be a contender. They're readily available, easy to cook, affordable and packed with protein. The egg is meant to be something that has all the right ingredients to grow an organism, so obviously it's very nutrient sense. Eating eggs alongside other food can help our bodies absorb more vitamins, too. For example, one study found that adding an egg to salad can increase how much vitamin E we get from salad.

But for decades, eating eggs has also been controversial due to their high cholesterol content - which some studies have linked to an increased risk of heart disease. One egg yolk contains around 185 milligrams of cholesterol, which is more than half of the 300mg daily amount of cholesterol that the US dietary guidelines recommended until recently. Cholesterol, a yellowish fat produced in our liver and intestines, can be found in every one of our body's cells. We normally think of it as "bad" but cholesterol is a crucial building block in our cell membranes. It also is needed for the body to make vitamin D, and the hormones testosterone and estrogen.

Cholesterol is transported around our body by lipoprotein molecules in the blood. Every person had different combination of various types of lipoproteins, and our individual make-up plays a tole in determining our risk of developing heart disease. But researchers haven't definitively linked consumption of cholesterol to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

As a result, US dietary guidelines no longer have a cholesterol restriction; not does the UK. Instead, emphasis is placed on limiting how much saturated fat we consume, which can inscrease the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Foods containing trans fats, in particular, increase our LDL levels. Although some trans fats occur naturally in animal products, most are made artificially. Some trans are found in highest levels in margarines, snacks, and some deep-fried and baked foods, such as pastry, doughnuts and cake.

What can we conclude from the text?

elevisions can be found in billions of homes around the world. But 100 years ago, nobody even knew what a television was. In fact, as late as 1947, only a few thausand Americans owned televisions. Today, we're explaining the complete history of the television-including where it could be going in the future.
These early televisions started appearing in the early 1800s. They involved mechanically scanning images then transmitting those images onto a screen. Compared to electronic televisions, they were extremely rudimentary. One of the first mechanical televisions used a rotating disk with holes arranged in a spiral pattern. This device was created independently by two inventors: Scottish inventor John Logie Baird and American inventor Charles Francis Jenkins. Both devices were invented in the early 1920s.
Prior to these two inventors, Herman inventor Paul Gottlieb Nipkow had developed the first mechanical television. That device sent images through wires using a rotating metal disk. Instead of calling the device a television, however, Nipkow called it an "electric telescope". The device had 18 lines of resolution. In 1907, two inventors - Russian Boris Rising and English A.A. Campbell-Swinton - combined a cathode ray tube with a mechanical scanning system to create a totally new television system. Ultimately, the early efforts of these inventors would lead to the world'd first electrical television a few years later.
The world's first television stations first started appearing in America in the late 1920s and early 1930s. The first mechanical TV station was called W3XK. It was created by Charles Francis Jenkins (one of the inventors of the mechanical television stations, WRGB, gas the honor of being the world's only continuously operating station since 1926 to the modern day.

What is the main idea of paragraph 4?