Why is there an increased risk of hypoglycemia when giving insulin to a patient with advanced renal dysfunction?

Which GFR marker has the highest clinical utility despite being less accurate than the gold standard (inulin)?

Which factors decrease SCr, potentially causing an overestimation of kidney function?

Patient presentation: A 67‑year‑old male presents with a urine output of 15 mL/day over the last 15 hours. His current serum creatinine (SCr) is 2.7 mg/dL, compared to a baseline of 0.9 mg/dL. Hemodialysis has been initiated. Which of these clinical findings independently qualify the patient for KDIGO Stage 3 Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)?

A patient with severe diarrhea and vomiting has a BUN:SCr ratio of 25:1 and blood pressure of 90/60. What is the most likely AKI category?

Which of these medications from the patient’s regimen are known to cause pre‑renal AKI? (Select all that apply)

A patient on gentamicin (day 6) has rising SCr and suspected acute tubular necrosis (ATN). What is the best management strategy?

A patient with diarrhea has a BUN:SCr of 25:1 and FENa of 0.7%. What is the most likely diagnosis and initial management?

How do NSAIDs combined with ACEi/ARBs cause “functional” pre‑renal AKI?

A 67‑year‑old man with a history of BPH and lung cancer on cisplatin presents with 9/10 abdominal pain and has been taking ibuprofen “around the clock” for a week. After CT with radiocontrast shows acute pancreatitis, two days into his hospital admission his urine output drops to 25 mL/day and his SCr is 2.5 mg/dL (baseline 0.9). How would you classify his urine output?

A 68‑year‑old man with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and hypertension presents with fatigue, dizziness, and decreased urine output for 2 days. He reports poor oral intake and is hypotensive with dry mucous membranes and delayed capillary refill. Laboratory data: serum creatinine 2.4 mg/dL (baseline 1.0 mg/dL), BUN 54 mg/dL, serum sodium 140 mEq/L, urine sodium 12 mEq/L, urine creatinine 80 mg/dL. Calculate the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa).

Based on the calculated FENa for this patient, which of the following is the most likely etiology of his acute kidney injury?

A patient undergoing chemotherapy with cisplatin shows a rise in serum creatinine at day 4, peaking at day 12. What is the recommended management according to ATN guidelines?