CH.6 Review

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Islam

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Islam is a monotheistic religion founded by the Prophet Muhammad in the 7th century CE. Its teachings emphasize submission to Allah and the importance of the Five Pillars, which guide daily Muslim life.

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Muhammad

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The founder of Islam, considered the last prophet in Islamic belief. His revelations from Allah, compiled in the Quran, form the basis of the Islamic faith. Muhammad's teachings transformed Arabian society and led to the creation of a vast Islamic empire.

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Qur'an

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The holy book of Islam, believed to be the literal word of Allah as revealed to Muhammad. It outlines the spiritual and moral guidance for Muslims and is written in Arabic.

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Five Pillars of Islam

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The five fundamental practices of Islam:

1. Shahada (faith),

2. Salah (prayer),

3. Zakat (charity),

4. Sawm (fasting during Ramadan),

5. Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).
   

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Hijra

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The migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. This event marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar and was critical for the establishment of the early Muslim community.

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Caliph

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The political and religious leader of the Muslim community after Muhammad's death. The caliph was considered the successor to Muhammad, leading to a significant succession dispute, particularly between Sunni and Shi’a Muslims.

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Sunni vs Shi'a

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The major division in Islam. Sunnis believe the caliph should be chosen by consensus, while Shi’a believe the leader should be a direct descendant of Muhammad. This split began after the death of Muhammad and still impacts Islamic politics today.

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Umayyad Dynasty

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The first major Islamic dynasty (661-750 CE) that expanded the empire rapidly across North Africa and into Spain. It was known for its military conquests and establishment of a centralized government but eventually fell due to internal unrest and rebellion.

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Abbasid Dynasty

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Succeeded the Umayyads in 750 CE and ruled until 1258. The Abbasid Dynasty oversaw a golden age of Islamic culture, science, and commerce, with Baghdad becoming a center of learning and innovation.

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Baghdad

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The capital of the Abbasid Empire and a major center of trade, culture, and learning. During the Abbasid Dynasty, Baghdad became one of the most important cities in the world for scholarship, particularly in science, mathematics, and medicine.