Front

English as a Lingua Franca

Back

Communication by speakers of different first languages

Front

World Englishes

Back

Different Englishes in geographical contexts

Front

Translanguaging

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Using multiple languages to convey meaning

Front

Inner Circle

Back

Traditional sources of English (UK, US)

Front

Outer Circle

Back

Countries with local English varieties (e.g., Nigeria)

Front

Expanding Circle

Back

Countries where English is taught as a second language

Front

Native Speaker Ideal

Back

Questioning the supremacy of native speakers

Front

Plurilingualism

Back

Developing a linguistic repertory

Front

Norm-Providing

Back

Inner circle countries set language norms

Front

Norm-Developing

Back

Outer circle countries create local rules