Building Utilities: Plumbing and Sanitary Systems

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PLUMBING

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The art and science of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus to convey and supply water in buildings and to dispose of waste.

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PLUMBUM

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Latin for Lead, a metal used as plumbing material by the Romans; malleable and resistant to acid.

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PLUMBARIUS

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An individual who worked in the sanitary field of ancient Rome.

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PRE-HISTORIC PERIOD

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Water supply from rainwater, springs, wells, rivers, or creeks; waste disposal through bodies of water.

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ROMAN EMPIRE

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Created complex plumbing systems, aqueducts, and underground sewers; lead pipes caused water contamination.

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THERMAE

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Private or public Roman bath houses.

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AQUEDUCT

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Structures used to convey a water stream from a freshwater source to a city.

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MIDDLE AGES

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Plumbing technology stagnated; hygiene issues led to diseases like the Black Plague.

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RENAISSANCE PERIOD

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Toilets and pipes began to be installed.

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17TH CENTURY

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English Parliament passed the first plumbing apprentice law.