Geography and History Concepts

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Compass Rose

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A diagram on a map that shows directions (north, south, east, and west) and their intermediate points. It helps map readers understand orientation.

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Equator

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An imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, located equidistant from the North and South Poles.

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Prime Meridian

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An imaginary line running from the North Pole to the South Pole at 0° longitude, used as a reference point for longitude measurements. It passes through Greenwich, England.

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Archaeology

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The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.

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Artifact

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An object made by humans, typically of cultural or historical interest, such as tools, pottery, or ornaments.

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Hemisphere (N. S. E. W.)

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The Earth is divided into four hemispheres: Northern Hemisphere (north of the Equator), Southern Hemisphere (south of the Equator), Eastern Hemisphere (east of the Prime Meridian), and Western Hemisphere (west of the Prime Meridian).

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Continent

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One of Earth's seven large landmasses: Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, North America, Australia, and South America.

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Paleolithic Era

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Also known as the Old Stone Age, it was the earliest period of human history, when humans used simple stone tools and were primarily hunter-gatherers. It lasted from about 2.5 million to 10,000 years ago.

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Neolithic Era

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Also known as the New Stone Age, this period followed the Paleolithic Era and marked the transition to farming, domestication of animals, and permanent settlements. It began around 10,000 BCE.

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Stone Age

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A prehistoric period during which humans made and used stone tools. It is divided into the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic periods.