Statistical Concepts Flashcards

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Alternative Hypothesis

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States that a treatment has had an effect or caused a change in the population.

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Bias

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Describes a study which systematically favors certain outcomes.

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Binomial Distribution

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The distribution of the probabilities of X successes out of n trials, calculated using p as the probability of any single success – B(n, p).

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Blind

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Describes an experiment in which the subjects do not know which treatment they are getting.

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Blocking

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A statistical design which creates groups that are similar in some way, and then randomizes the treatments within each block.

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Central Limit Theorem

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States that when an SRS is drawn from a population with mean μ and standard deviation σ, the sampling distribution for the sample mean will be approximately normally distributed, and have a mean μ and a standard deviation σ/√n.

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Chi-Square Distributions

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A family of skewed-right distributions which take on only positive values and are defined by their degrees of freedom.

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Chi-Square Goodness-of-Fit Test

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Used to determine if a population has a certain hypothesized distribution.

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Chi-Square Test for Homogeneity

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Used to determine if every category in the population has the same population.

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Chi-Square Test for Independence

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Used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables – also known as Chi-Square Test for Association.