21st 2

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Folk Songs

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Manifest the artistic feelings of the Filipinos and show their innate appreciation for beauty. Examples include Leron-Leron Sinta, Pamulinawen, Dandansoy, Sarong Banggi, and Atin Cu Pung Sing.

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Recreational Plays during Spanish Times

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Performed in poetic form, examples include Cenaculo, Panunuluyan, Salubong, and Zarzuela.

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Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898)

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Filipino intellectuals called ilustrados began to write about colonization, marking the longest colonial period in Philippine history.

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The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896)

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Spearheaded by intellectuals like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez Jaena.

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Jose Rizal's Noli Me Tangere

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A novel that inspired the propaganda movement and the revolution against Spain.

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Jose Rizal's El Filibusterismo

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A sequel to Noli Me Tangere that exposed corruption in government and the church.

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Jose Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adios

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A poem written while incarcerated at Fort Santiago.

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Jose Rizal's Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos

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An essay evaluating the reasons behind the perception of Filipino indolence.

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Jose Rizal's Filipinas Dentro de Cien Años

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An essay predicting the increasing influence of the US in the Philippines.

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Marcelo del Pilar's Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa

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Translated from Rizal's AMOR PATRIA, published in Diariong Tagalog.