Protocols and Standards: Definition

A protocol is a set of rules defining how networked devices communicate. Protocols are standardized so that all devices have a set method of communicating with each other, regardless of the manufacturer.

Protocols and Standards: Importance

Network protocols are vital for allowing communication between computers on networks. Without shared common protocols, computers would not be able to communicate.

Types of Protocols: Ethernet

Ethernet is a wired (cable connection) protocol.

Types of Protocols: Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a wireless connection; two common standards are Bluetooth and 802.11.

Types of Protocols: TCP

TCP is a Transmission Control Protocol that establishes reliable connections before transmitting data packets.

IP - Internet Protocol

A means of addressing and routing data packets across a network.

UDP - User Datagram Protocol

A low-cost means of assembling datagrams, primarily for streaming video.

SIP - Session Initiation Protocol

Stateless signaling used for setting up VoIP and media streaming.

HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol

Allows web pages to be shared across different computers and browsers.

HTTPS - A secure variant of HTTP

Works with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to transport data securely.

SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

Used by mail servers to send and receive email messages.

FTP - File Transfer Protocol

A means of sending files across the internet between one or more points.

Used for standard IEEE 802.3, addressing, and media access control at the data link layer.

Physical Layer in Ethernet

Consists of cabling and devices like CAT5, CAT6, and NICs.

Data Link Layer in Ethernet

Consists of MAC addresses assigned to the NIC.

Uses radio frequency technology to connect devices wirelessly in a LAN.

Includes a wireless NIC card and a wireless router.

Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard used for exchanging data between devices over short distances.

Bluetooth uses radio frequency technologies to connect devices wirelessly.

Bluetooth devices broadcast signals for pairing and data exchange.

Pairing allows other Bluetooth devices to connect and exchange data.

Common uses of Bluetooth include audio streaming and hands-free systems in cars.

Bluetooth is also used in smartwatches connected to phones.

The typical range of Bluetooth is up to 10m, but it can extend to 100m for class 1 devices.

Common Bluetooth devices, like headphones, have a range of up to 10m.

Bluetooth has a slower transfer rate and a shorter range compared to Wi-Fi.

Wi-Fi generally offers faster data transfer and a longer range.

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

TCP/IP is a set of protocols for network communications.

The four-layer TCP/IP model combines the data link and physical layers.

The four-layer model includes Application, Transport, Network, and Data Link/Physical layers.

The application layer provides interfaces for software to use the network.

Examples include email, FTP, and WWW. Protocols: HTTP, SMTP, FTP.

The transport layer ensures data is sent and received in the correct order.

Implemented in sending and receiving computers. Protocol: TCP.

The network layer handles the addressing and routing of data.

Routers use logical addresses to direct data. Protocol: IP.

The data link layer sends data frames from the network to the physical layer.

Comprises a link layer header and a packet. Protocol: Ethernet.

The Physical layer transmits raw data using hardware such as cables and switches.

Physical connections use a NIC to connect to the internet.

Data transmission over a network using TCP/IP

Data is carried in messages called data packets, consisting of a header, payload, and trailer.

The process of sending datagrams using IP addresses, utilizing routing tables in devices like switches and routers.

Difference between IPv4 and IPv6

IPv4 uses a 32-bit address space, while IPv6 uses a 128-bit address format, allowing for more IP addresses.

Allow wireless communication using electromagnetic waves, with cell towers dividing areas into cells to transmit and receive data.

Steps for transmitting and receiving SMS

1. Encode the message into binary. 2. Transmit via the handset antenna. 3. Receive by a nearby cell tower. 4. Send through cables to another tower. 5. Transmit to the receiving handset.

Generations of Cellular Networks

- 2G (50 Kbps): Enabled SMS and MMS. - 3G (2 Mbps): Allowed internet and video calling. - 4G (100 Mbps): Enabled high-quality streaming. - 5G (20 Gbps): Supports smart factories and driverless cars.

Wired transmission media

Uses twisted copper cables known as Ethernet cables. Typical speeds: - CAT5: 100 Mbps - CAT5e: 1 Gbps - CAT6: 1 Gbps - CAT6a: 10 Gbps

Fibre Optic Transmission Types

- FTTC: Fibre to the Cabinet, slower due to shared bandwidth. - FTTP: Fibre to the Premises, offers higher speeds.

Wireless Connection Types

- Radio: Uses radio waves. - Microwave: Used in WLANs and WWANs. - Satellite: Transmits data via satellites. - Infrared: Short-range, used in remote controls and LANs.

Comparative capacity of wired, fiber, and wireless media

Bandwidth refers to the capacity available for use in data transmission, measured in Mbps. Speed refers to the rate of data transfer, also measured in Mbps.

Analogy for Bandwidth

A good analogy is a pipe with a wide opening and a narrow opening. With a wider pipe, more water can flow at a faster rate.

Factors Affecting Network Speeds and Bandwidths

Network speeds and bandwidths vary depending on the type of connection and infrastructure.

A hybrid model connects devices and network hardware using various methods, such as wired, wireless, infrared, and radio/microwaves.

Local Area Networks (LANs)

LANs refer to networks where devices are connected locally, for example, within a building.

Wide Area Networks (WANs)

WANs refer to networks where devices are connected over a wide geographical area, such as the Internet.

Network Components and Protocols Flashcards

Student preview

54 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Network Components: Hubs

Back

A hub copies all packets of data to all devices on the network. Only the device that requires the data will recognize and receive it.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Network Components: Switches

Back

A switch analyzes each packet of data and sends it to the computer for which it was intended.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Network Components: Routers/Wireless Routers

Back

A router stores the addresses of computers on the network and transfers data between devices. It usually connects at least two different networks.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Network Components: Gateways

Back

A gateway joins together two networks that use different base protocols, e.g., it links a LAN to a WAN.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Network Component: Bridge

Back

A bridge joins together two networks that use the same base protocols, e.g., it links a LAN to a LAN.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Network Components: Wireless Access Points

Back

A device that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a network.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Network components: NIC card/wireless NIC (Network Interface Card)

Back

Allows devices to access a network. A wireless NIC allows devices to access a network wirelessly.

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