Front

NOT a reverse cause-and-effect: Number of firemen & fires, coffee & anxiety, answers in class & marks.

Back

Leadership ability & academic achievement.

Front

Increasing force when throwing an object increases its travel distance. Decreasing gas pressure increases its volume. These are examples of...

Back

Cause-and-Effect Relationship

Front

Accidental relationship example:

Back

Ice cream sales, coincidental drowning deaths

Front

Causal relationship: Job offers from a hospital rise as nursing program graduates increase.

Back

Presumed Relationship

Front

Example of a presumed relationship:

Back

People's fitness level, adventure movies watched.

Front

Change in X affects Y variable.

Back

Cause-and Effect Relationship

Front

NOT a common-cause factor:

Back

Sales of cell phones, ozone levels

Front

Change in Y affects X variable.

Back

Reverse Cause-and Effect Relationship

Front

Correlation exists between two variables without cause-and-effect:

Back

Accidental Relationship

Front

Effect of extraneous variables in a study can be removed by:

Back

Comparison with a control group