Vocab 1.2

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Muhammed

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Prophet of Islam; both religious and political leader.

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Abbasid Caliphate

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750-1258 CE; main caliphate, spread Islam, overthrew Umayyad Caliphate.

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Invasions of Abbasid Caliphate

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Mamluks, Seljuk Turks, Crusaders, Mongols

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Mamluks

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Turkish slaves who served Egypt as soldiers and officials; seized control and established the Mamluk Sultanate.

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Seljuk Turks

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Captured parts of the Middle East, including Baghdad (attacked from North).

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Mongols' origin and conquest

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Came from Central Asia, conquered the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258, and pushed Seljuk Turks out of Baghdad.

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Islamic cultural continuities

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Translated Greek classics, studied math from India, paper-making from China.

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Islamic cultural innovations

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astronomy, trigonometry, medical advances, historiography, sociology, poetry.

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Nasiral-Din al-Tusi

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1201-1274; celebrated Islamic scholar; built an observatory; trigonometry.

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Ibn Khaldun

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Founder of historiography and sociology.