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Mutation

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A change in the DNA sequence that can occur in genes, which are segments of DNA. Mutations can be harmful, neutral, or beneficial and are essential for genetic variation and evolution.

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Alleles

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Different forms of a gene that can exist at a specific location on a chromosome, contributing to genetic variation.

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Genetic Variation

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Differences in DNA sequences among individuals, which can lead to variations in traits and is crucial for evolution.

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Fitness

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The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment; beneficial mutations can increase an organism's fitness.

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Point Mutation

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A type of mutation where a single base pair in the DNA sequence is replaced by another base pair, which can lead to changes in protein structure and function.

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Frameshift Mutation

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A mutation that results from insertions or deletions of base pairs in the DNA sequence, causing a shift in the reading frame and altering the resulting protein.

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Mutagen

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An environmental factor, such as UV radiation or chemicals, that can cause mutations in DNA.

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Gene Therapy

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A medical technique that aims to correct harmful mutations by introducing, removing, or altering genetic material within a person's cells.

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CRISPR-Cas9

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A revolutionary gene-editing technology that allows scientists to precisely alter DNA sequences, enabling targeted mutations for research and medical purposes.

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Karyotyping

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A laboratory procedure that involves analyzing the number and structure of chromosomes in a cell, used to detect genetic abnormalities.