Blood

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List the functions of blood

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Transportation, regulation, stabilization, defense, restriction

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Classify the following components of blood: 1) red blood cells, platelets, water 2) wbc=neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte; pp= albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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1) red blood cells, platelets, water 2) wbc=neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte; pp= albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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Plasma proteins

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Plasma proteins are essential proteins found in blood plasma. There are 3 main types include albumin, globulins, fibrinogen. Albumin, which helps maintain the osmotic pressure of plasma and transports lipids, cholesterol. Globulins, which include antibodies for immune defense and transport proteins. Fibrinogen, which is necessary for blood clotting by forming fibrin to prevent bleeding.

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What is the impact of liver dysfunction on plasma proteins?

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Liver dysfunction affects plasma proteins, as the liver is responsible for producing most of them. It leads to low albumin levels, causing fluid imbalance and swelling. The liver also produces clotting factors like fibrinogen, so liver problems can impair blood clotting and increase bleeding risk. Additionally, liver dysfunction reduces globulin levels, weakening the immune system and making infections more likely. Finally, the liver dysfunction impacts fluid balance, immunity, blood clotting.

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Eosinophils

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Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play an important role in the body's immune system, especially in fighting off parasites and responding to allergies. They are part of the body's defense system and help control inflammation. Eosinophils contain granules filled with enzymes and proteins, which they release to destroy harmful substances. These cells are often found in higher numbers when the body is fighting parasites or when there is an allergic reaction, such as asthma or hay fever. In appearance, eosinophils have a bilobed (two-lobed) nucleus and stain a bright red or pink when observed under a microscope.

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Neutrophils

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Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell essential for defending the body against infections, especially bacterial infections. They are the most abundant white blood cells and are part of the body's first line of defense. Neutrophils quickly move to infection sites, where they engulf and destroy harmful bacteria and other pathogens through a process called phagocytosis. They contain enzymes within granules that help break down and digest these invaders. Neutrophils have a multi-lobed nucleus, usually with 2-5 lobes, and appear light pink or purple under a microscope. Their quick response to infection makes them a crucial component of the immune system.

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Identify and describe Basophils.

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Basophils are a rare type of white blood cell involved in immune responses, particularly in allergic reactions and inflammation. They make up less than 1% of white blood cells but play an important role by releasing histamine and other chemicals that help the body respond to allergens and infections. Histamine release causes blood vessels to widen and increases blood flow to areas of infection or injury, leading to inflammation. Basophils also release heparin, an anticoagulant that helps prevent blood clotting. Under a microscope, basophils have a lobed nucleus and contain dark blue or purple granules that often obscure the nucleus. Their role in allergy and inflammation makes them essential, even though they are present in small numbers.

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Identify and describe lymphocytes.

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Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell crucial for the body's immune system, especially in fighting infections and producing long-term immunity. They are mainly found in the lymphatic system and bloodstream, making up about 20-40% of white blood cells. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells. B cells produce antibodies that target and neutralize pathogens, while T cells help destroy infected cells and regulate immune responses. Lymphocytes have a large, round nucleus that takes up most of the cell, and they appear clear or pale blue under a microscope. Their ability to "remember" pathogens makes them essential for defending against repeated infections.

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Identify and describe monocytes.

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Monocytes are a type of white blood cell involved in immune defense, particularly in fighting infections and cleaning up dead cells. They make up about 2-10% of white blood cells and are the largest type, with a distinctive kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped nucleus. Monocytes circulate in the bloodstream and, when they enter tissues, they mature into **macrophages**. Macrophages are responsible for engulfing and digesting pathogens, dead cells, and debris, a process called **phagocytosis**. Monocytes also play a role in alerting other immune cells to infections, helping to regulate immune responses. Their role in "clean-up" and immune signaling makes them essential for maintaining healthy tissue and supporting other immune cells.

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Which blood group is it? Options: A, B, AB, O

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O