Psychology Concepts and Research Methods

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Hindsight Bias

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A cognitive distortion that makes us think we knew how things would turn out after they happen.

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Overconfidence Bias

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The tendency for people to be more confident in their abilities than objective facts would justify.

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Natural Observation

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Conducted in real-world settings to increase ecological validity. Advantages include natural settings; disadvantages include subjects altering behavior if watched.

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Correlation Close to Zero

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Indicates no relationship between two variables.

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Disadvantages of Longitudinal Studies

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Expensive and participants may drop out.

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Graphs showing different types of correlations

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Graphs illustrating various types of correlations, including positive, negative, and no correlation.

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Experimental Method

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Involves manipulating one variable while controlling others to observe effects on behavior or mental processes.

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Dependent Variable

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The outcome measured in an experiment, affected by the independent variable.

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Experimental Group

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Receives the experimental treatment in a study.

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Random Assignment

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Participants are randomly assigned to groups to minimize pre-existing differences.