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The Fall of Rome

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Rome fell due to poor leadership, economic reliance on slaves, and changes in beliefs with the rise of Christianity. As emperors became less effective, Rome’s military defenses weakened. Christianity also changed people’s values, and the Pope became a powerful figure, complicating the government.

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Feudalism 

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Feudalism was a system where the king gave land to lords or nobles, who managed it and provided soldiers. The lords or nobles, in return, gave crops and natural resources to the king. Then they gave smaller plots to vassels or knights for military service. At the bottom were peasants, who farmed and lived in poor conditions, supporting the upper classes but having little freedom or wealth.

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What caused Medieval Times (Dark Ages)

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It was caused by the decline of the Roman Empire. With a lack of a proper government, Europe had divided into small, weaker, and instable kingdoms. The Medieval Times was caused by bad society, a cruel government, the Fall of Rome, the Christian Church, and people lacking education.

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Role of Monks in Medieval Society

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Monks were highly educated and preserved knowledge by copying important texts. They were also teachers, helping to keep some learning alive, which strengthened the Church’s influence in society.

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What is Islam?

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Islam, founded by Muhammad, spread widely across regions near Europe, which led to conflicts with Christians over holy lands, especially Jerusalem. This led to the Crusades, where Christian armies tried to reclaim these lands, but ultimately, most efforts failed.

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Role and Power of Roman Catholic Church

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The Catholic Church was central to life in the Medieval Times, both spiritually and politically. The Pope was a powerful leader, influencing kings and often acting as a political figure, which caused both stability and corruption over time.

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What are the advantages of Constantinople?

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Constantinople had strong defenses, like watchtowers and moats with “Greek fire” (a kind of early flamethrower), allowing it to remain safe from invaders for centuries. This stability helped its people thrive.

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The Crusades - Who, Why, Where, How?

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The Crusades were religious wars where Christians attempted to capture the Muslim-controlled Holy Land (Jerusalem). Although there were multiple attempts, only a few were temporarily successful.

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Golden Age of Islam - How was it different than Europe?

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While Europe faced the Dark Ages, with poor hygiene, the Black Plague, and little education, the Islamic world entered a Golden Age. They made advances in science, medicine, mathematics, and education, creating a stark contrast to Europe’s struggles.