Direct changeover definition

Direct changeover is when the old system is discontinued and the new system replaces it immediately, usually during a quiet processing period.

Advantages of direct changeover

- No duplication of resources or personnel. - The new system is available to everyone at the same time.

Disadvantages of direct changeover

- Very risky: if the new system fails, there is no backup. - There may be a period with no system available.

Pilot changeover definition

Pilot changeover is where the new system is first tested in one department before being rolled out to the rest of the organization.

Advantages of pilot changeover

- Only one section is affected. - Helps train new users. - Problems affect only one section.

Disadvantages of pilot changeover

- Extra resources are required as two systems run concurrently. - It may not be easy to share data between new and old systems.

Phased changeover definition

Phased changeover involves gradually introducing the system by activating different components one at a time.

Main advantages of phased changeover

- Staff are introduced to changes in stages, which can be less stressful. - If a problem occurs, it should only affect one section of the organization.

Main disadvantages of phased changeover

- The changeover can take a long time. - One section may ask for changes, slowing down implementation in other departments.

Choosing a changeover method

Most organizations seek the most cost-effective and low-risk approach. The pilot method is often seen as the most appropriate but is not always feasible. Direct changeover is high risk and should be avoided when possible.

Purpose of documentation in software development

Documentation is produced at each stage to: - Provide a starting point for the next stage. - Record the work done. - Aid maintenance by keeping a record of changes. - Track changes of personnel.

Types of documentation

1. User documentation: For end users, includes installation guide, user guide, troubleshooting, training materials, and backup procedures. 2. Technical documentation: For administrators and maintenance staff with technical knowledge.

System specification/user requirements

To identify the part of the system which needs changing/correcting/debugging.

DFDs/ERDs/database structures/user designs/report designs/DD

To identify the part of the database which needs changing/correcting.

Program documentation/pseudocode/flowcharts/listings/code

To identify the code which needs changing/correcting/debugging/optimising.

Test plans/test schedule/test data/test results

To retest the system/module after it has been modified.

Hardware/Software Configuration

To identify how the system might benefit from advances in technology/software.

Data conversion definition

Data conversion is the process of transferring data from the old system to the new system.

Steps in data conversion

- Convert data to a compatible format. - Convert non-electronic data to electronic form. - Change file formats if needed.

Manual to computerised system data conversion

- Data is taken from existing documents. - Reorganise data for new database structure. - Create database structure on the system. - Key in/transcribe data. - Verify/validate data. - Populate database tables with data.

Hardware and software configurations are used to check that the hardware/software is appropriate.

Hardware and software configurations

Adaptive maintenance involves modifying software in response to changing user requirements.

Adaptive maintenance is necessary due to internal changes like business functions or external changes such as legislation, regulations, or technology developments.

Adaptive maintenance is generally paid for by the client.

This is because the software gains new functionality not part of the original specification.

Perfective maintenance aims to improve software performance after delivery.

The goal is to enhance the operation and efficiency of the software product.

Examples of perfective improvements include redesigning input forms and improving help systems.

Other examples are providing keyboard shortcuts, reorganizing data, and redesigning interfaces for mobile devices.

Running the old and new systems simultaneously until the new system is fully operational. Benefit: Minimizes risk. Drawback: Resource-intensive.

Switching from the old system to the new system immediately. Benefit: Quick implementation. Drawback: High risk if the new system fails.

Implementing the new system in a small part of the organization first. Benefit: Issues can be identified early. Drawback: Can be time-consuming.

Gradually replacing parts of the old system with the new system. Benefit: Reduces risk. Drawback: Can be complex to manage.

Example of pilot changeover

A restaurant chain tries out a new menu in one outlet before launching it in every restaurant.

Example of direct changeover

A bookshop moves to new premises 200 meters away from their current location over a weekend.

Example of parallel changeover

An accounting firm keeps the manual system of recording transactions for clients for two months while simultaneously recording the transactions electronically.

Example of pilot changeover in media

A television company commissions one episode of a popular news discussion program in a different format to test its popularity.

Example of parallel changeover in personal computing

A person gets a new laptop but keeps their old laptop until they are satisfied with the new machine's performance.

A retail chain changes the layout of one store every week until all outlets have the same 'new look'.

This is an example of a phased implementation strategy.

A building society replaces its software system overnight.

This is an example of a direct changeover implementation strategy.

Chapter 4- Implementation FlashCards Flashcards

Student preview

66 questions

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1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

The purpose of the implementation stage involves programmers producing the code from project documentation and specifications.

Back

Implementation stage involves coding from documentation.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

A variety of changeover methods can be employed: parallel, direct, pilot, and phased.

Back

Changeover methods include parallel, direct, pilot, and phased.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Provision of documentation is key to explain the system to end users and provide technical descriptions for future maintenance.

Back

Documentation is essential for user explanation and future maintenance.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Parallel changeover involves operating the old and new systems together using the same data until the new system works correctly.

Back

Parallel changeover runs old and new systems simultaneously.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Advantages of parallel changeover include availability of original system results and use for comparison or backup.

Back

Advantages include access to original results for comparison.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Disadvantages of parallel changeover include duplication of resources and being expensive and time-consuming.

Back

Disadvantages include resource duplication and high costs.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Suitability of parallel changeover

Back

+ If there is a fault with the new system, the old system is available as backup, so bookings are not affected. - There is duplication of effort, extra cost, workload, extra staff, and additional resources needed.

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